Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine as a novel co-former in co-amorphous systems: Enhanced aqueous solubility and physical stability.

Huang Q, Zou Z, Cheng D, Gao R, Zhou L, Wu W, Yuan Y, Chun C, Huang Y, Liang G, Wu W

European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences28 Feb 2026

PMID41771428DOI10.1016/j.ejps.2026.107493PepBankPUB-41771428

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC-ND. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study11

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone11

In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).

01LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, GHK achieved complete amorphization with all three model drugs faster than most amino acid-based mixtures.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK formulations became fully amorphous faster than most amino acid mixtures.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
IncreaseComplete amorphization
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Amino acid-based mixtures
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
GHK achieved complete amorphization with all three model drugs within 15 min of milling, whereas most amino acid-based mixtures remained partially crystalline even after 60 min of milling.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142801
02LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, a single glass transition temperature confirmed homogeneous amorphous drug-GHK forms.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, drug-GHK systems showed one glass transition temperature, which confirmed homogeneous amorphous forms.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableHomogeneous amorphous forms
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
The formation of homogeneous amorphous forms was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry, indicated by a single glass transition temperature in the drug-GHK system.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142802
03LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, drug-GHK systems dissolved faster than pure crystalline drugs.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, drug-GHK systems dissolved faster than pure crystalline drugs.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
IncreaseDissolution rate
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Pure crystalline drugs
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
The drug-GHK systems exhibited significantly enhanced dissolution performance, including faster dissolution rates, higher drug concentration and sustained supersaturation (up to 1440 min) compared to both the pure crystalline and amorphous drugs.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142803
04LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, drug-GHK systems dissolved faster than pure amorphous drugs.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, drug-GHK systems dissolved faster than pure amorphous drugs.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
IncreaseDissolution rate
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Pure amorphous drugs
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
The drug-GHK systems exhibited significantly enhanced dissolution performance, including faster dissolution rates, higher drug concentration and sustained supersaturation (up to 1440 min) compared to both the pure crystalline and amorphous drugs.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142804
05LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, drug-GHK systems produced higher drug concentrations than pure crystalline drugs.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, drug-GHK systems produced higher drug concentrations than pure crystalline drugs.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
IncreaseDrug concentration
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Pure crystalline drugs
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
The drug-GHK systems exhibited significantly enhanced dissolution performance, including faster dissolution rates, higher drug concentration and sustained supersaturation (up to 1440 min) compared to both the pure crystalline and amorphous drugs.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142805
06LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, drug-GHK systems produced higher drug concentrations than pure amorphous drugs.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, drug-GHK systems produced higher drug concentrations than pure amorphous drugs.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
IncreaseDrug concentration
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Pure amorphous drugs
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
The drug-GHK systems exhibited significantly enhanced dissolution performance, including faster dissolution rates, higher drug concentration and sustained supersaturation (up to 1440 min) compared to both the pure crystalline and amorphous drugs.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142806
07LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, drug-GHK systems sustained supersaturation up to 1440 min compared with pure crystalline drugs.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, drug-GHK systems sustained supersaturation compared with pure crystalline drugs.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
IncreaseSustained supersaturation
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Pure crystalline drugs
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Measurements
Supersaturation duration
1440 min
up to
Source sentences
Summary
The drug-GHK systems exhibited significantly enhanced dissolution performance, including faster dissolution rates, higher drug concentration and sustained supersaturation (up to 1440 min) compared to both the pure crystalline and amorphous drugs.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142807
08LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, drug-GHK systems sustained supersaturation up to 1440 min compared with pure amorphous drugs.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, drug-GHK systems sustained supersaturation compared with pure amorphous drugs.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
IncreaseSustained supersaturation
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Pure amorphous drugs
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Measurements
Supersaturation duration
1440 min
up to
Source sentences
Summary
The drug-GHK systems exhibited significantly enhanced dissolution performance, including faster dissolution rates, higher drug concentration and sustained supersaturation (up to 1440 min) compared to both the pure crystalline and amorphous drugs.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142808
09LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, GHK-based systems maintained amorphous forms for at least 6 months and outperformed amino acid counterparts.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK systems maintained amorphous forms longer than amino acid counterparts.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
IncreasePhysical stability
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Amino acid-based counterparts
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
Furthermore, physical stability studies confirmed that GHK-based systems maintained amorphous forms for at least 6 months, outperforming both amino acid-based counterparts and pure amorphous drugs.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142809
10LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In laboratory formulations, GHK-based systems maintained amorphous forms for at least 6 months and outperformed pure amorphous drugs.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK systems maintained amorphous forms longer than pure amorphous drugs.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
IncreasePhysical stability
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Pure amorphous drugs
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
Furthermore, physical stability studies confirmed that GHK-based systems maintained amorphous forms for at least 6 months, outperforming both amino acid-based counterparts and pure amorphous drugs.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142810
11LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Mechanism
In laboratory formulations, salt formation and hydrogen bonding were associated with improved dissolution and physical stability in GHK systems.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, salt formation and hydrogen bonding were linked to improved dissolution and stability in GHK systems.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableSalt formation and hydrogen bonding
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Formulation, delivery and stability · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
Notably, salt formation and hydrogen bonding were associated with the observed improvements in dissolution performance and physical stability.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Basic mebendazole, neutral tadalafil and acidic indomethacin were selected as the model drugs.
Summary · context
All drug-co-former combinations were prepared by ball milling at a 1:1 molar ratio.
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-4177142811

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
14 Oct 2026, 05:02 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
14 Oct 2026, 01:46 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

Journal Article

MeSH terms

Keywords

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