The Synergistic and Attenuated Mechanism of Action of the Xihuang Pill in Dual Immunotherapy After Stenting for Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma: A Controlled Clinical Trial.

Wang P, Wang YH, Tao Y, Zheng XL, Wang WC

International journal of general medicine12 Jun 2025

PMID40529349PMCIDPMC12170798DOI10.2147/ijgm.s496375PepBankPUB-40529349

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: CC BY-NC. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study10

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone10

In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.

01HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialOther
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma after stenting, Xihuang pill added to tislelizumab plus thymalfasin gave longer APPT than control groups I and II.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, adding Xihuang pill to two immunotherapy drugs gave longer clotting time than the two control regimens.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
IncreaseActivated partial thromboplastin time (APPT)
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Control groups I and II (tislelizumab alone; tislelizumab plus thymalfasin)
Outcome group
Bleeding and clotting · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Compared to the patients in control groups I and II, those in the observation group showed significantly longer activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT) and prothrombin time (PT), and lower fibrinogen (FIB) levels and platelet count (PLT) after treatment (P < 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934901
02HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialOther
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma after stenting, Xihuang pill added to tislelizumab plus thymalfasin gave longer PT than control groups I and II.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, adding Xihuang pill to two immunotherapy drugs gave longer prothrombin time than the two control regimens.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
IncreaseProthrombin time (PT)
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Control groups I and II (tislelizumab alone; tislelizumab plus thymalfasin)
Outcome group
Bleeding and clotting · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Compared to the patients in control groups I and II, those in the observation group showed significantly longer activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT) and prothrombin time (PT), and lower fibrinogen (FIB) levels and platelet count (PLT) after treatment (P < 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934902
03HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialOther
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma after stenting, Xihuang pill added to tislelizumab plus thymalfasin gave lower fibrinogen than control groups I and II.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, adding Xihuang pill to two immunotherapy drugs gave lower fibrinogen than the two control regimens.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
DecreaseFibrinogen (FIB) level
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Control groups I and II (tislelizumab alone; tislelizumab plus thymalfasin)
Outcome group
Bleeding and clotting · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Compared to the patients in control groups I and II, those in the observation group showed significantly longer activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT) and prothrombin time (PT), and lower fibrinogen (FIB) levels and platelet count (PLT) after treatment (P < 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934903
04HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialOther
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma after stenting, Xihuang pill added to tislelizumab plus thymalfasin gave a lower platelet count than control groups I and II.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, adding Xihuang pill to two immunotherapy drugs gave a lower platelet count than the two control regimens.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
DecreasePlatelet count (PLT)
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Control groups I and II (tislelizumab alone; tislelizumab plus thymalfasin)
Outcome group
Bleeding and clotting · Cardiovascular
Source sentences
Summary
Compared to the patients in control groups I and II, those in the observation group showed significantly longer activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT) and prothrombin time (PT), and lower fibrinogen (FIB) levels and platelet count (PLT) after treatment (P < 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934904
05HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialOther
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ levels increased in the group given Xihuang pill with tislelizumab plus thymalfasin.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, several immune cell measures rose in the group given Xihuang pill with two immunotherapy drugs.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
IncreaseCD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ levels
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
In the observation group, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ increased, but the level of CD8+ decreased.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934905
06HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialOther
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, the CD8+ level decreased in the group given Xihuang pill with tislelizumab plus thymalfasin.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, the CD8+ immune cell level fell in the group given Xihuang pill with two immunotherapy drugs.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
DecreaseCD8+ level
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
In the observation group, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ increased, but the level of CD8+ decreased.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934906
07HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialOther
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, serum CEA, CA125, CA19-9, CA242 and CA50 decreased, as reported for the Xihuang pill group.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, blood tumor markers fell in the group given Xihuang pill with two immunotherapy drugs.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
DecreaseSerum tumor markers (CEA, CA125, CA19-9, CA242, CA50)
Study
n: not reported in source
Outcome group
Tumor growth · Cancer
Source sentences
Summary
The levels of CEA, CA125, CA19-9, CA242, and CA50 in serum decreased.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934907
08HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialSafety outcome
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, adverse reactions were lower in the Xihuang pill group than in control groups I and II.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, side effects were fewer with Xihuang pill added to two immunotherapy drugs than with the control regimens.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
DecreaseAdverse reactions
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Control groups I and II (tislelizumab alone; tislelizumab plus thymalfasin)
Outcome group
Adverse events · Cancer
Source sentences
Summary
The adverse reactions in the observation group were lower, while the objective remission rate (ORR) was significantly higher than their corresponding values in control groups I and II
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934908
09HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, the objective remission rate was higher with Xihuang pill plus tislelizumab and thymalfasin than in control groups I and II.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, more tumors responded with Xihuang pill added to two immunotherapy drugs than with the control regimens.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
IncreaseObjective remission rate (ORR)
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Control groups I and II (tislelizumab alone; tislelizumab plus thymalfasin)
Outcome group
Tumor growth · Cancer
Measurements
ORR
42.5%
observation group
ORR
17.5%
control group I
ORR
27.5%
control group II
Source sentences
Summary
The adverse reactions in the observation group were lower, while the objective remission rate (ORR) was significantly higher than their corresponding values in control groups I and II (42.5%vs17.5%, 27.5%) (P < 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934909
10HumanNot a test of Thymosin alpha-1 aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In adults with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, 1-year overall survival did not differ significantly between control group I, control group II and the Xihuang pill group.
In plain wordsIn adults with advanced bile duct cancer, one-year survival did not differ significantly between the three treatment groups.
Peptide
Thymosin alpha-1
Outcome
No significant change1-year overall survival rate
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
Control groups I and II (tislelizumab alone; tislelizumab plus thymalfasin)
Outcome group
Mortality · Cancer
Measurements
1-year overall survival
42.5%
control group I
1-year overall survival
50%
control group II
1-year overall survival
60%
observation group
Source sentences
Summary
The 1-year overall survival rates of the control group I, control group II and observation group were 42.5%, 50% and 60%, and the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In total, 120 patients with advanced CCA who underwent stent implantation were divided into control group I (n = 40), control group II (n = 40), and observation group (n = 40).
Summary · context
The patients in control group I were only treated with a tumor immunosuppressant (tislelizumab injection), the patients in control group II were administered tumor double immunotherapy (tislelizumab injection + thymalfasin injection), and the patients in the observation group were treated with Xihua…
In this study, Thymosin alpha-1 was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymosin alpha-1.
Report a problemFND-4052934910

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 3Current
10 Oct 2026, 08:19 UTC
Study results updated
Version 2
9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 03:02 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

The Synergistic and Attenuated Mechanism of Action of the Xihuang Pill in Dual Immunotherapy After Stenting for Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma: A Controlled Clinical Trial.

Summary

Results from this study10

Studies that did not test the peptide alone10

Version history

Subjects

Publication types

Keywords