The relationship between myodural bridge, atrophy and hyperplasia of the suboccipital musculature, and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.

Yang H, Wei XS, Gong J, Du XM, Feng HB, Su C, Gilmore C, Yue C, Yu SB, Li C, Sui HJ

Scientific reports2 Nov 2023Cited by 5 (Europe PMC)

PMID37919345PMCIDPMC10622500DOI10.1038/s41598-023-45820-xPepBankPUB-37919345

Summary

The Myodural Bridge (MDB) is a physiological structure that is highly conserved in mammals and many of other tetrapods. It connects the suboccipital muscles to the cervical spinal dura mater (SDM) and transmits the tensile forces generated by the suboccipital muscles to the SDM. Consequently, the MDB has broader physiological potentials than just fixing the SDM. It has been proposed that MDB significantly contributes to the dynamics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movements. Animal models of suboccipital muscle atrophy and hyperplasia were established utilizing local injection of BTX-A and ACE-031. In contrast, animal models with surgical severance of suboccipital muscles, and without any surgical operation were set as two types of negative control groups. CSF secretion and reabsorption rates were then measured for subsequent analysis. Our findings demonstrated a significant increase in CSF secretion rate in rats with the hyperplasia model, while there was a significant decrease in rats with the atrophy and severance groups. We observed an increase in CSF reabsorption rate in both the atrophy and hyperplasia groups, but no significant change was observed in the severance group. Additionally, our immunohistochemistry results revealed no significant change in the protein level of six selected choroid plexus-CSF-related proteins among all these groups. Therefore, it was indicated that alteration of MDB-transmitted tensile force resulted in changes of CSF secretion and reabsorption rates, suggesting the potential role that MDB may play during CSF circulation. This provides a unique research insight into CSF dynamics.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study3

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, ACE-031 (ramatercept) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking ACE-031 (ramatercept).

01AnimalNot a test of ACE-031 (ramatercept) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats, the ACE‑031-induced suboccipital hyperplasia model showed increased CSF secretion rate.
In plain wordsIn rats, the muscle enlargement model induced with ACE‑031 showed increased spinal fluid secretion.
Peptide
ACE-031 (ramatercept)
Outcome
IncreaseCSF secretion rate
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Suboccipital muscle hyperplasia
Outcome group
Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
Our findings demonstrated a significant increase in CSF secretion rate in rats with the hyperplasia model, while there was a significant decrease in rats with the atrophy and severance groups.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Animal models of suboccipital muscle atrophy and hyperplasia were established utilizing local injection of BTX-A and ACE-031. In contrast, animal models with surgical severance of suboccipital muscles, and without any surgical operation were set as two types of negative control groups.
In this study, ACE-031 (ramatercept) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking ACE-031 (ramatercept).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3791934501
02AnimalNot a test of ACE-031 (ramatercept) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats, the ACE‑031-induced hyperplasia model showed increased CSF reabsorption rate.
In plain wordsIn rats, the muscle enlargement model induced with ACE‑031 showed increased spinal fluid reabsorption.
Peptide
ACE-031 (ramatercept)
Outcome
IncreaseCSF reabsorption rate
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Suboccipital muscle hyperplasia
Outcome group
Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
We observed an increase in CSF reabsorption rate in both the atrophy and hyperplasia groups, but no significant change was observed in the severance group.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Animal models of suboccipital muscle atrophy and hyperplasia were established utilizing local injection of BTX-A and ACE-031. In contrast, animal models with surgical severance of suboccipital muscles, and without any surgical operation were set as two types of negative control groups.
In this study, ACE-031 (ramatercept) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking ACE-031 (ramatercept).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3791934502
03AnimalNot a test of ACE-031 (ramatercept) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In rats, six selected choroid plexus-CSF-related proteins showed no significant differences among groups, including ACE‑031-induced hyperplasia.
In plain wordsIn rats, six spinal fluid-related proteins showed no significant differences among groups, including the ACE‑031 model.
Peptide
ACE-031 (ramatercept)
Outcome
No significant changeChoroid plexus-CSF-related protein levels
Study
ratn: not reported in source
Suboccipital muscle hyperplasia
Outcome group
Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
Additionally, our immunohistochemistry results revealed no significant change in the protein level of six selected choroid plexus-CSF-related proteins among all these groups.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Animal models of suboccipital muscle atrophy and hyperplasia were established utilizing local injection of BTX-A and ACE-031. In contrast, animal models with surgical severance of suboccipital muscles, and without any surgical operation were set as two types of negative control groups.
In this study, ACE-031 (ramatercept) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking ACE-031 (ramatercept).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3791934503

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
21 Oct 2026, 15:58 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 12:50 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

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