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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2023

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Immunomodulatory and endocrine effects of deep brain stimulation and spinal cord stimulation - A systematic review.

Puk O, Jabłońska M, Sokal P

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie18 Oct 2023Cited by 6 (Europe PMC)

PMID37862972 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115732 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-37862972
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

IntroductionDeep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) represent burgeoning treatments for diverse neurological disorders. This systematic review aims to consolidate findings on the immunological and endocrine effects of DBS and SCS, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms of neuromodulation.Materials and methodsThis systematic review, aligned with PRISMA protocols, synthesizes findings from 33 references-20 on DBS and 13 on SCS-to unravel the immunological and endocrine impacts of neuromodulation.ResultsDBS interventions exhibited divergent effects on cytokines, with an increase in hepcidin levels and a variable impact on the IL-6/IL-10 ratio. While some studies reported elevated IL-6, animal studies consistently demonstrated a reduction in IL-1β and IL-6, with no significant changes in TNF-α and an increase in IL-10. Noteworthy hormonal changes included decreased corticosterone and ACTH concentrations and increased oxytocin levels following DBS of the hypothalamus. SCS mirrored similar effects on interleukins, indicating a reduction in IL-6 and IL-1β and an increase in IL-10 levels. Additionally, SCS led to reduced VEGF levels and elevated expression of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and GDNF, particularly under burst stimulation.ConclusionsBoth DBS and SCS exert anti-inflammatory effects, manifesting as a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines alongside the stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. These findings, observed in both animal and human models, imply that neurostimulation may modify the trajectory of neurological diseases by modulating local immune responses in an immunomodulatory and endocrine manner. This comprehensive exploration sets the stage for future research endeavors in this evolving domain.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study1

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured1

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01HumanEndogenous levelSystematic reviewOther

    In a systematic review of neuromodulation studies, deep brain stimulation of the hypothalamus increased the body's own oxytocin levels.

    In plain wordsA review reported that brain stimulation of the hypothalamus raised the body's own oxytocin levels. Oxytocin was not given.

    Peptide
    Oxytocin
    Outcome
    IncreaseOxytocin levels after hypothalamic deep brain stimulation
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Sex hormones and fertility · Endocrine and hormones

    Source sentences

    Summary
    increased oxytocin levels following DBS of the hypothalamus.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    This systematic review, aligned with PRISMA protocols, synthesizes findings from 33 references-20 on DBS and 13 on SCS-to unravel the immunological and endocrine impacts of neuromodulation.

    This result measures the body's own Oxytocin. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    11 Oct 2026, 00:50 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:49 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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