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Study · Not a test of the peptide alone · 2019

7 results

Protective Effect of PBCA Nanoparticles Loaded with Thymulin Against the Relapsing-Remitting Form of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice.

Lunin SM, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Novoselova EG

International journal of molecular sciences29 Oct 2019Cited by 7 (Europe PMC)

PMID31671728 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC6862195 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.3390/ijms20215374 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-31671728
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Summary

Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) in mice is a model that closely resembles relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in humans. This study aims to investigate a new approach to modulation of the inflammatory response in rEAE mice using a thymic peptide thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles. PBCA nanoparticles were used to prolong the presence of thymulin in the blood. Cytokine levels in blood were measured by ELISA; NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascade activation, as well as Hsp72 and p53 protein expression, were measured by Western blotting. Animal health statuses were estimated using severity scores. Results showed that the cytokine response in rEAE was multi-staged: an early phase was accompanied by an increase in plasma interferon-γ, while the interleukin (IL)-17 response was markedly increased at a later stage. The stages were attributed to rEAE induction and maintenance phases. Thymulin significantly alleviated symptoms of rEAE and lowered plasma cytokine levels both in early and later stages of rEAE, and decreased NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascade activation. Thymulin modulated NF-kappaB pathway activity via site-specific phosphorylation of RelA/p65 protein (at Ser276 and Ser536). The effect of nanoparticle-bound thymulin was more pronounced than the effect of free thymulin. Therefore, PBCA-thymulin can be considered a prospective treatment for this pathology.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study7

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone7

In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

  1. 01AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice with rEAE, thymulin significantly alleviated symptoms.

    In plain wordsIn mice with rEAE, thymulin reduced symptoms.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    DecreaserEAE symptoms
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Thymulin significantly alleviated symptoms of rEAE and lowered plasma cytokine levels both in early and later stages of rEAE, and decreased NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascade activation.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) in mice is a model that closely resembles relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in humans.
    Summary · context
    This study aims to investigate a new approach to modulation of the inflammatory response in rEAE mice using a thymic peptide thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles.

    In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

  2. 02AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In mice with rEAE, thymulin lowered plasma cytokine levels during the early stage.

    In plain wordsIn mice with rEAE, thymulin lowered early-stage blood cytokine levels.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    DecreaseEarly-stage plasma cytokines
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Thymulin significantly alleviated symptoms of rEAE and lowered plasma cytokine levels both in early and later stages of rEAE, and decreased NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascade activation.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) in mice is a model that closely resembles relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in humans.
    Summary · context
    This study aims to investigate a new approach to modulation of the inflammatory response in rEAE mice using a thymic peptide thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles.

    In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

  3. 03AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In mice with rEAE, thymulin lowered plasma cytokine levels during later stages.

    In plain wordsIn mice with rEAE, thymulin lowered later-stage blood cytokine levels.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    DecreaseLater-stage plasma cytokines
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    Outcome group
    Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Thymulin significantly alleviated symptoms of rEAE and lowered plasma cytokine levels both in early and later stages of rEAE, and decreased NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascade activation.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) in mice is a model that closely resembles relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in humans.
    Summary · context
    This study aims to investigate a new approach to modulation of the inflammatory response in rEAE mice using a thymic peptide thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles.

    In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

  4. 04AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In mice with rEAE, thymulin decreased NF-κB cascade activation.

    In plain wordsIn mice with rEAE, thymulin reduced NF-κB activation.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    DecreaseNF-κB activation
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Thymulin significantly alleviated symptoms of rEAE and lowered plasma cytokine levels both in early and later stages of rEAE, and decreased NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascade activation.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) in mice is a model that closely resembles relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in humans.
    Summary · context
    This study aims to investigate a new approach to modulation of the inflammatory response in rEAE mice using a thymic peptide thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles.

    In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

  5. 05AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In mice with rEAE, thymulin decreased SAPK/JNK cascade activation.

    In plain wordsIn mice with rEAE, thymulin reduced SAPK/JNK activation.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    DecreaseSAPK/JNK activation
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Thymulin significantly alleviated symptoms of rEAE and lowered plasma cytokine levels both in early and later stages of rEAE, and decreased NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascade activation.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) in mice is a model that closely resembles relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in humans.
    Summary · context
    This study aims to investigate a new approach to modulation of the inflammatory response in rEAE mice using a thymic peptide thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles.

    In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

  6. 06AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In mice with rEAE, thymulin modulated NF-kappaB activity via RelA/p65 phosphorylation at Ser276 and Ser536.

    In plain wordsIn mice with rEAE, thymulin altered NF-kappaB activity through site-specific RelA/p65 phosphorylation.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    Direction not reportedRelA/p65 site-specific phosphorylation
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    Outcome group
    Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Thymulin modulated NF-kappaB pathway activity via site-specific phosphorylation of RelA/p65 protein (at Ser276 and Ser536).
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) in mice is a model that closely resembles relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in humans.
    Summary · context
    This study aims to investigate a new approach to modulation of the inflammatory response in rEAE mice using a thymic peptide thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles.

    In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

  7. 07AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In mice with rEAE, nanoparticle-bound thymulin had a more pronounced effect than free thymulin.

    In plain wordsIn mice with rEAE, nanoparticle-bound thymulin had a greater effect than free thymulin.

    Peptide
    Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
    Outcome
    IncreaseNanoparticle-bound versus free thymulin effect
    Study

    mousen: not reported in source

    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    Comparator
    Free thymulin
    Outcome group
    Neuroprotection · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The effect of nanoparticle-bound thymulin was more pronounced than the effect of free thymulin.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (rEAE) in mice is a model that closely resembles relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in humans.
    Summary · context
    This study aims to investigate a new approach to modulation of the inflammatory response in rEAE mice using a thymic peptide thymulin bound to polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles.

    In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    21 Oct 2026, 15:58 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    21 Oct 2026, 13:55 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    21 Oct 2026, 12:50 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

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