Empagliflozin and Dulaglutide are Effective against Obesity-induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Fibrosis in A Murine Model.

Park HJ, Han H, Oh EY, Kim SR, Park KH, Lee JH, Park JW

Scientific reports30 Oct 2019Cited by 38 (Europe PMC)

PMID31666643PMCIDPMC6821734DOI10.1038/s41598-019-51648-1PepBankPUB-31666643

Summary

Patients with asthma with obesity experience severe symptoms, are unresponsive to conventional asthma treatment, and lack proper pharmacotherapy. Empagliflozin and dulaglutide, developed for diabetes, reduce weight, decrease insulin resistance, and exert additive effects. We evaluated the efficacy of empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination on obesity-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung fibrosis using a murine model. We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally). Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective. Both drugs significantly alleviated HFD-induced AHR, increased macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and co-treatment was more effective on AHR. HFD-induced lung fibrosis was decreased by both drugs alone and combined. HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 showed similar patterns without significant differences. HFD-enhanced T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell differentiation was improved by both drugs. Empagliflozin and dulaglutide could be a promising therapy for obesity-induced asthma and showed additive effects in combination.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study36

22 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide attenuated weight gain.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, dulaglutide reduced weight gain compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseWeight gain
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664301
02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced weight gain more effectively than empagliflozin alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced weight gain more than empagliflozin alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseWeight gain with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Empagliflozin alone
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664302
03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide attenuated abnormal glucose metabolism.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, dulaglutide improved abnormal glucose metabolism compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableAbnormal glucose metabolism
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664303
04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal glucose metabolism more effectively than empagliflozin alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal glucose metabolism more than empagliflozin alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableAbnormal glucose metabolism with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Empagliflozin alone
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664304
05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide attenuated abnormal serum leptin levels.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, dulaglutide improved abnormal leptin levels compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableAbnormal serum leptin
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Endogenous peptide levels · Endocrine and hormones
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664305
06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide attenuated abnormal serum insulin levels.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, dulaglutide improved abnormal insulin levels compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableAbnormal serum insulin
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Endogenous peptide levels · Endocrine and hormones
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664306
07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal serum leptin levels more effectively than empagliflozin alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal serum leptin levels more than empagliflozin alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableAbnormal serum leptin with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Empagliflozin alone
Outcome group
Endogenous peptide levels · Endocrine and hormones
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664307
08AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal serum insulin levels more effectively than empagliflozin alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal serum insulin levels more than empagliflozin alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableAbnormal serum insulin with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Empagliflozin alone
Outcome group
Endogenous peptide levels · Endocrine and hormones
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664308
09AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide alleviated airway hyperresponsiveness.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, dulaglutide reduced excessive airway responses compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseAirway hyperresponsiveness
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Respiratory function · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly alleviated HFD-induced AHR, increased macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and co-treatment was more effective on AHR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664309
10AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced airway hyperresponsiveness more effectively than empagliflozin alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced airway hyperresponsiveness more than empagliflozin alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseAirway hyperresponsiveness with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Empagliflozin alone
Outcome group
Respiratory function · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly alleviated HFD-induced AHR, increased macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and co-treatment was more effective on AHR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664310
11AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide alleviated the increase in bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, dulaglutide reduced the increase in lung lavage macrophages compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseBALF macrophages
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Immune response · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly alleviated HFD-induced AHR, increased macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and co-treatment was more effective on AHR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664311
12AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide decreased lung fibrosis.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, dulaglutide reduced lung scarring compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseLung fibrosis
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Lung injury and fibrosis · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
HFD-induced lung fibrosis was decreased by both drugs alone and combined.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664312
13AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced IL-17 mRNA expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, dulaglutide reduced IL-17 gene activity compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-17 mRNA expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664314
14AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced TGF-β1 mRNA expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, dulaglutide reduced TGF-β1 gene activity compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseTGF-β1 mRNA expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664316
15AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced IL-1β mRNA expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, dulaglutide reduced IL-1β gene activity compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-1β mRNA expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664318
16AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, TNF-α showed similar patterns with dulaglutide but without significant differences.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, TNF-α did not differ significantly with dulaglutide compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
No significant changeTNF-α expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 showed similar patterns without significant differences.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664320
17AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, IL-6 showed similar patterns with dulaglutide but without significant differences.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, IL-6 did not differ significantly with dulaglutide compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
No significant changeIL-6 expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 showed similar patterns without significant differences.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664322
18AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide improved HFD-enhanced Th1 differentiation.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, dulaglutide reduced enhanced Th1 immune cell development compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseTh1 differentiation
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
HFD-enhanced T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell differentiation was improved by both drugs.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664324
19AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide improved HFD-enhanced Th17 differentiation.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, dulaglutide reduced enhanced Th17 immune cell development compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseTh17 differentiation
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
HFD-enhanced T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cell differentiation was improved by both drugs.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664325
20AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced IL-17 protein expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, dulaglutide reduced IL-17 protein levels compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-17 protein expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664331
21AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced TGF-β1 protein expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, dulaglutide reduced TGF-β1 protein levels compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseTGF-β1 protein expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664333
22AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced IL-1β protein expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, dulaglutide reduced IL-1β protein levels compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-1β protein expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Studied dose
Dose not stated · intraperitonealAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664335

Studies that did not test the peptide alone14

In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).

23AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide decreased lung fibrosis.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced lung scarring compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseLung fibrosis with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Lung injury and fibrosis · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
HFD-induced lung fibrosis was decreased by both drugs alone and combined.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664313
24AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced IL-17 mRNA expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced IL-17 gene activity compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-17 mRNA expression with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664315
25AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced TGF-β1 mRNA expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced TGF-β1 gene activity compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseTGF-β1 mRNA expression with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664317
26AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced IL-1β mRNA expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced IL-1β gene activity compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-1β mRNA expression with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664319
27AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, TNF-α showed similar patterns with empagliflozin plus dulaglutide but without significant differences.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, TNF-α did not differ significantly with empagliflozin plus dulaglutide compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
No significant changeTNF-α expression with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 showed similar patterns without significant differences.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664321
28AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, IL-6 showed similar patterns with empagliflozin plus dulaglutide but without significant differences.
In plain wordsIn mice receiving a high-fat diet, IL-6 did not differ significantly with empagliflozin plus dulaglutide compared with diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
No significant changeIL-6 expression with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 showed similar patterns without significant differences.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664323
29AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced weight gain more effectively than dulaglutide alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced weight gain more than dulaglutide alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseWeight gain with combination versus dulaglutide
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Dulaglutide alone
Outcome group
Body weight · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664326
30AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal glucose metabolism more effectively than dulaglutide alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal glucose metabolism more than dulaglutide alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableAbnormal glucose metabolism with combination versus dulaglutide
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Dulaglutide alone
Outcome group
Glycemic control · Metabolic and weight
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664327
31AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal serum leptin levels more effectively than dulaglutide alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal serum leptin levels more than dulaglutide alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableAbnormal serum leptin levels with combination versus dulaglutide
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Dulaglutide alone
Outcome group
Endogenous peptide levels · Endocrine and hormones
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664328
32AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal serum insulin levels more effectively than dulaglutide alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide improved abnormal serum insulin levels more than dulaglutide alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
Not applicableAbnormal serum insulin levels with combination versus dulaglutide
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Dulaglutide alone
Outcome group
Endogenous peptide levels · Endocrine and hormones
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight increase, abnormal glucose metabolism, and abnormal serum levels of leptin and insulin, and co-treatment was more effective.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664329
33AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced airway hyperresponsiveness more effectively than dulaglutide alone.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced airway hyperresponsiveness more than dulaglutide alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseAirway hyperresponsiveness with combination versus dulaglutide
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
Dulaglutide alone
Outcome group
Respiratory function · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
Both drugs significantly alleviated HFD-induced AHR, increased macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and co-treatment was more effective on AHR.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664330
34AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced IL-17 protein expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced IL-17 protein levels compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-17 protein expression with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664332
35AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced TGF-β1 protein expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced TGF-β1 protein levels compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseTGF-β1 protein expression with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664334
36AnimalNot a test of Dulaglutide (Trulicity) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In HFD-fed mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced HFD-induced IL-1β protein expression.
In plain wordsIn mice, empagliflozin plus dulaglutide reduced IL-1β protein levels compared with high-fat diet alone.
Peptide
Dulaglutide (Trulicity)
Outcome
DecreaseIL-1β protein expression with combination
Study
mousen: not reported in source
HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice
Comparator
High-fat diet alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Respiratory
Source sentences
Summary
HFD induced interleukin (IL)-17, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and IL-1β mRNA and protein expression, which was significantly reduced by empagliflozin, dulaglutide, and their combination.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We assigned C57BL/6J mice to five groups: control, high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with empagliflozin, dulaglutide, or both. Mice received a 12-week HFD, empagliflozin (5 days/week, oral gavage), and dulaglutide (once weekly, intraperitoneally).
In this study, Dulaglutide (Trulicity) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-3166664336

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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