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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2019

2 results

Vitamin D and Phenylbutyrate Supplementation Does Not Modulate Gut Derived Immune Activation in HIV-1.

Missailidis C, Sørensen N, Ashenafi S, Amogne W, Kassa E, Bekele A, Getachew M, Gebreselassie N, Aseffa A, Aderaye G, Andersson J, Brighenti S, Bergman P

Nutrients21 Jul 2019Cited by 19 (Europe PMC)

PMID31330899 (opens in a new tab)PMCIDPMC6682943 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.3390/nu11071675 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-31330899
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Summary

Dysbiosis and a dysregulated gut immune barrier function contributes to chronic immune activation in HIV-1 infection. We investigated if nutritional supplementation with vitamin D and phenylbutyrate could improve gut-derived inflammation, selected microbial metabolites, and composition of the gut microbiota. Treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 167) were included from a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial of daily 5000 IU vitamin D and 500 mg phenylbutyrate for 16 weeks (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01702974). Baseline and per-protocol plasma samples at week 16 were analysed for soluble CD14, the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, kynurenine/tryptophan-ratio, TMAO, choline, and betaine. Assessment of the gut microbiota involved 16S rRNA gene sequencing of colonic biopsies. Vitamin D + phenylbutyrate treatment significantly increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (p < 0.001) but had no effects on sCD14, the kynurenine/tryptophan-ratio, TMAO, or choline levels. Subgroup-analyses of vitamin D insufficient subjects demonstrated a significant increase of LL-37 in the treatment group (p = 0.02), whereas treatment failed to significantly impact LL-37-levels in multiple regression analysis. Further, no effects on the microbiota was found in number of operational taxonomic units (p = 0.71), Shannon microbial diversity index (p = 0.82), or in principal component analyses (p = 0.83). Nutritional supplementation with vitamin D + phenylbutyrate did not modulate gut-derived inflammatory markers or microbial composition in treatment-naïve HIV-1 individuals with active viral replication.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study2

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured2

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01HumanEndogenous levelRandomized controlled trialOther

    In treatment-naive adults with HIV-1 and vitamin D insufficiency, vitamin D plus phenylbutyrate increased plasma LL‑37 versus placebo in a subgroup analysis.

    In plain wordsIn people with HIV-1 and low vitamin D, vitamin D plus phenylbutyrate raised the body's own LL‑37 in blood in a subgroup, compared with placebo.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    IncreasePlasma LL-37 in vitamin D insufficient subgroup
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Subgroup-analyses of vitamin D insufficient subjects demonstrated a significant increase of LL-37 in the treatment group (p = 0.02)
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 167) were included from a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial of daily 5000 IU vitamin D and 500 mg phenylbutyrate for 16 weeks (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01702974).
    Summary · context
    Baseline and per-protocol plasma samples at week 16 were analysed for soluble CD14, the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, kynurenine/tryptophan-ratio, TMAO, choline, and betaine.

    This result measures the body's own LL-37. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 02HumanEndogenous levelRandomized controlled trialOther

    In treatment-naive adults with HIV-1, vitamin D plus phenylbutyrate did not significantly change plasma LL‑37 in multiple regression analysis.

    In plain wordsIn people with HIV-1, vitamin D plus phenylbutyrate did not significantly change the body's own LL‑37 in blood in the regression analysis.

    Peptide
    LL-37
    Outcome
    No significant changePlasma LL-37 in multiple regression analysis
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Comparator
    Placebo
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    whereas treatment failed to significantly impact LL-37-levels in multiple regression analysis.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 167) were included from a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial of daily 5000 IU vitamin D and 500 mg phenylbutyrate for 16 weeks (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01702974).
    Summary · context
    Baseline and per-protocol plasma samples at week 16 were analysed for soluble CD14, the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, kynurenine/tryptophan-ratio, TMAO, choline, and betaine.

    This result measures the body's own LL-37. Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    9 Oct 2026, 18:17 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 2

    9 Oct 2026, 03:03 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  3. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 02:56 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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