Thymulin, free or bound to PBCA nanoparticles, protects mice against chronic septic inflammation.

Novoselova EG, Lunin SM, Glushkova OV, Khrenov MO, Parfenyuk SB, Zakharova NM, Fesenko EE

PloS one24 May 2018Cited by 10 (Europe PMC)

PMID29795607PMCIDPMC5967805DOI10.1371/journal.pone.0197601PepBankPUB-29795607

Summary

In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation. NF-κB, MAPK, and PKC-θ signaling pathway activity was assessed, alongside Hsp72, Hsp90-α, and TLR4 expression and levels of apoptosis. In addition, plasma cytokines and blood and brain melatonin and serotonin levels were measured. In mice treated with gradually raised doses of lipopolysaccharide, significant increases in the activity of the signaling pathways tested, heat-shock protein and TLR4 expression, lymphocyte apoptosis, and plasma proinflammatory cytokine levels were noted. Moreover, we observed significantly heightened serotonin concentrations in the plasma and especially the brains of mice with inflammation. In contrast, melatonin levels were reduced in the tissues examined, particularly so in the brain. Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined. In addition, thymulin partially restored brain and blood serotonin and melatonin levels. Thus, thymulin suppressed the proinflammatory response in LPS-treated mice, indicating the potential of thymulin co-therapy in the treatment of sepsis. Nanoparticle-bound thymulin was more effective in several respects.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study15

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone15

In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

01AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin alleviated fever.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced fever.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseFever
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560701
02AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced apoptosis.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced cell death.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseApoptosis
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560702
03AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin increased splenic cell number.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin increased spleen cell numbers.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
IncreaseSplenic cell number
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560703
04AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin decreased cytokine production.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced cytokine production.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseCytokine production
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560704
05AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin decreased Hsp72 expression.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced Hsp72 expression.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseHsp72 expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560705
06AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin decreased Hsp90 expression.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced Hsp90 expression.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseHsp90 expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Immune response · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560706
07AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin decreased TLR4 expression.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced TLR4 expression.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseTLR4 expression
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560707
08AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin decreased NF-κB pathway activity.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced NF-κB activity.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseNF-κB pathway activity
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
NF-κB, MAPK, and PKC-θ signaling pathway activity was assessed, alongside Hsp72, Hsp90-α, and TLR4 expression and levels of apoptosis.
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560708
09AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin decreased MAPK pathway activity.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced MAPK activity.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseMAPK pathway activity
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
NF-κB, MAPK, and PKC-θ signaling pathway activity was assessed, alongside Hsp72, Hsp90-α, and TLR4 expression and levels of apoptosis.
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560709
10AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin decreased PKC-θ pathway activity.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin reduced PKC-θ activity.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreasePKC-θ pathway activity
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Treatment of these mice with thymulin alleviated fever, reduced apoptosis, increased splenic cell number, and decreased cytokine production, Hsp72, Hsp90, and TLR4 expression, and the activity of the signaling pathways examined.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
NF-κB, MAPK, and PKC-θ signaling pathway activity was assessed, alongside Hsp72, Hsp90-α, and TLR4 expression and levels of apoptosis.
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560710
11AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin partially restored elevated brain serotonin levels.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin partially corrected high brain serotonin levels.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseBrain serotonin levels
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
In addition, thymulin partially restored brain and blood serotonin and melatonin levels.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Moreover, we observed significantly heightened serotonin concentrations in the plasma and especially the brains of mice with inflammation.
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560711
12AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin partially restored elevated blood serotonin levels.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin partially corrected high blood serotonin levels.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseBlood serotonin levels
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Nervous system and cognition
Source sentences
Summary
In addition, thymulin partially restored brain and blood serotonin and melatonin levels.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Moreover, we observed significantly heightened serotonin concentrations in the plasma and especially the brains of mice with inflammation.
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560712
13AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin partially restored reduced brain melatonin levels.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin partially corrected low brain melatonin levels.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
IncreaseBrain melatonin levels
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Endocrine and hormones
Source sentences
Summary
In addition, thymulin partially restored brain and blood serotonin and melatonin levels.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In contrast, melatonin levels were reduced in the tissues examined, particularly so in the brain.
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560713
14AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin partially restored reduced blood melatonin levels.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, thymulin partially corrected low blood melatonin levels.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
IncreaseBlood melatonin levels
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Endocrine and hormones
Source sentences
Summary
In addition, thymulin partially restored brain and blood serotonin and melatonin levels.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In contrast, melatonin levels were reduced in the tissues examined, particularly so in the brain.
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560714
15AnimalNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice with chronic inflammation, nanoparticle-bound thymulin was more effective in several unspecified respects than free thymulin.
In plain wordsIn mice with chronic inflammation, nanoparticle-bound thymulin was more effective than free thymulin in several unspecified respects.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
IncreaseNanoparticle-bound thymulin efficacy
Study
mousen: not reported in source
LPS-induced chronic inflammation
Comparator
Free thymulin
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Nanoparticle-bound thymulin was more effective in several respects.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
In the present work, we aimed to study the effects of free and polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticle-bound thymulin on immune cell activity in mice with chronic inflammation.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2979560715

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 3Current
21 Oct 2026, 15:58 UTC
Study results updated
Version 2
21 Oct 2026, 13:55 UTC
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 12:50 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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