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Study · Animal study (in vivo) · rat · 2016

18 results

Six Weeks of Daily Abaloparatide Treatment Increased Vertebral and Femoral Bone Mineral Density, Microarchitecture and Strength in Ovariectomized Osteopenic Rats.

Bahar H, Gallacher K, Downall J, Nelson CA, Shomali M, Hattersley G

Calcified tissue international9 Jul 2016Cited by 39 (Europe PMC)

Summary

Abaloparatide is a novel, potent and selective activator of parathyroid hormone receptor 1 (PTHR1) under clinical development for the treatment of osteoporosis. We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg. Sham-operated control rats (n = 24) received vehicle. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of the lumbar spine (L4), total femur and femur diaphysis was measured at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. Femur and vertebral bone architecture and mechanical properties were assessed at the end of the treatment phase. At baseline, OVX-Veh rats exhibited significantly lower aBMD relative to Sham controls. Treatment of OVX rats with abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg/day increased aBMD dose-dependently in the lumbar spine, total femur and femur diaphysis to levels exceeding OVX-Veh or Sham controls. The abaloparatide 5 and 20 µg/kg groups had improved trabecular microarchitecture relative to OVX vehicle, with trabecular BV/TV exceeding OVX-Veh control values by 57 and 78 % (respectively) at the lumbar spine, and by 145 and 270 % at the distal femur. Femur diaphyseal cortical volume and thickness were significantly greater in the abaloparatide 20 µg/kg group relative to OVX vehicle or Sham controls. Bone strength parameters of the femur diaphysis, femur neck and L4 vertebra were significantly improved in the OVX-ABL groups relative to OVX-Veh controls. Bone mass-strength relationships and estimated intrinsic strength properties suggested maintained or improved bone quality with abaloparatide. These data demonstrate skeletal restoration via abaloparatide treatment of osteopenic OVX rats, in association with improved trabecular microarchitecture, cortical geometry and bone strength at sites that have clinical relevance in patients with osteoporosis.
CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study18

18 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

  1. 01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased lumbar spine aBMD above OVX vehicle levels in a dose-dependent manner.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased lumbar spine bone density above vehicle levels.

    Outcome
    IncreaseLumbar spine aBMD
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Treatment of OVX rats with abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg/day increased aBMD dose-dependently in the lumbar spine, total femur and femur diaphysis to levels exceeding OVX-Veh or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  2. 02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased lumbar spine aBMD above sham control levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased lumbar spine bone density above sham control levels.

    Outcome
    IncreaseLumbar spine aBMD
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    Sham controls
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Treatment of OVX rats with abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg/day increased aBMD dose-dependently in the lumbar spine, total femur and femur diaphysis to levels exceeding OVX-Veh or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  3. 03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased total femur aBMD above OVX vehicle levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased total femur bone density above vehicle levels.

    Outcome
    IncreaseTotal femur aBMD
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Treatment of OVX rats with abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg/day increased aBMD dose-dependently in the lumbar spine, total femur and femur diaphysis to levels exceeding OVX-Veh or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  4. 04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased total femur aBMD above sham control levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased total femur bone density above sham control levels.

    Outcome
    IncreaseTotal femur aBMD
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    Sham controls
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Treatment of OVX rats with abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg/day increased aBMD dose-dependently in the lumbar spine, total femur and femur diaphysis to levels exceeding OVX-Veh or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  5. 05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased femur diaphysis aBMD above OVX vehicle levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased femur shaft bone density above vehicle levels.

    Outcome
    IncreaseFemur diaphysis aBMD
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Treatment of OVX rats with abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg/day increased aBMD dose-dependently in the lumbar spine, total femur and femur diaphysis to levels exceeding OVX-Veh or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  6. 06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased femur diaphysis aBMD above sham control levels.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased femur shaft bone density above sham control levels.

    Outcome
    IncreaseFemur diaphysis aBMD
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    Sham controls
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Treatment of OVX rats with abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg/day increased aBMD dose-dependently in the lumbar spine, total femur and femur diaphysis to levels exceeding OVX-Veh or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  7. 07AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased lumbar trabecular BV/TV by 57% relative to vehicle.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased lumbar trabecular bone volume relative to vehicle.

    Outcome
    IncreaseLumbar trabecular BV/TV
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 µg/kg · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Measurements

    BV/TV increase
    57%
    lumbar spine; 5 µg/kg

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The abaloparatide 5 and 20 µg/kg groups had improved trabecular microarchitecture relative to OVX vehicle, with trabecular BV/TV exceeding OVX-Veh control values by 57 and 78 % (respectively) at the lumbar spine, and by 145 and 270 % at the distal femur.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  8. 08AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased lumbar trabecular BV/TV by 78% relative to vehicle.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased lumbar trabecular bone volume relative to vehicle.

    Outcome
    IncreaseLumbar trabecular BV/TV
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    20 µg/kg · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Measurements

    BV/TV increase
    78%
    lumbar spine; 20 µg/kg

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The abaloparatide 5 and 20 µg/kg groups had improved trabecular microarchitecture relative to OVX vehicle, with trabecular BV/TV exceeding OVX-Veh control values by 57 and 78 % (respectively) at the lumbar spine, and by 145 and 270 % at the distal femur.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  9. 09AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased distal femur trabecular BV/TV by 145% relative to vehicle.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased distal femur trabecular bone volume relative to vehicle.

    Outcome
    IncreaseDistal femur trabecular BV/TV
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 µg/kg · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Measurements

    BV/TV increase
    145%
    distal femur; 5 µg/kg

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The abaloparatide 5 and 20 µg/kg groups had improved trabecular microarchitecture relative to OVX vehicle, with trabecular BV/TV exceeding OVX-Veh control values by 57 and 78 % (respectively) at the lumbar spine, and by 145 and 270 % at the distal femur.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  10. 10AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased distal femur trabecular BV/TV by 270% relative to vehicle.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased distal femur trabecular bone volume relative to vehicle.

    Outcome
    IncreaseDistal femur trabecular BV/TV
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    20 µg/kg · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Measurements

    BV/TV increase
    270%
    distal femur; 20 µg/kg

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The abaloparatide 5 and 20 µg/kg groups had improved trabecular microarchitecture relative to OVX vehicle, with trabecular BV/TV exceeding OVX-Veh control values by 57 and 78 % (respectively) at the lumbar spine, and by 145 and 270 % at the distal femur.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  11. 11AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased femur diaphyseal cortical volume versus OVX vehicle.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased femur cortical volume versus vehicle.

    Outcome
    IncreaseFemur cortical volume
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    20 µg/kg · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Femur diaphyseal cortical volume and thickness were significantly greater in the abaloparatide 20 µg/kg group relative to OVX vehicle or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  12. 12AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased femur diaphyseal cortical volume versus sham controls.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased femur cortical volume versus sham controls.

    Outcome
    IncreaseFemur cortical volume
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    Sham controls
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    20 µg/kg · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Femur diaphyseal cortical volume and thickness were significantly greater in the abaloparatide 20 µg/kg group relative to OVX vehicle or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  13. 13AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased femur diaphyseal cortical thickness versus OVX vehicle.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased femur cortical thickness versus vehicle.

    Outcome
    IncreaseFemur cortical thickness
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    20 µg/kg · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Femur diaphyseal cortical volume and thickness were significantly greater in the abaloparatide 20 µg/kg group relative to OVX vehicle or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  14. 14AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide increased femur diaphyseal cortical thickness versus sham controls.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide increased femur cortical thickness versus sham controls.

    Outcome
    IncreaseFemur cortical thickness
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    Sham controls
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    20 µg/kg · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Femur diaphyseal cortical volume and thickness were significantly greater in the abaloparatide 20 µg/kg group relative to OVX vehicle or Sham controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  15. 15AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide improved femur diaphysis strength parameters versus OVX vehicle.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide improved femur shaft strength parameters versus vehicle.

    Outcome
    IncreaseFemur diaphysis strength parameters
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Bone strength parameters of the femur diaphysis, femur neck and L4 vertebra were significantly improved in the OVX-ABL groups relative to OVX-Veh controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  16. 16AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, bone mass-strength relationships and estimated intrinsic strength suggested maintained or improved bone quality with abaloparatide.

    In plain wordsIn rats, bone measurements suggested maintained or improved bone quality with abaloparatide.

    Outcome
    MixedBone quality
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Bone mass-strength relationships and estimated intrinsic strength properties suggested maintained or improved bone quality with abaloparatide.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  17. 17AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide improved femur neck strength parameters versus OVX vehicle.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide improved femur neck strength parameters versus vehicle.

    Outcome
    Increasefemur neck strength parameters
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Bone strength parameters of the femur diaphysis, femur neck and L4 vertebra were significantly improved in the OVX-ABL groups relative to OVX-Veh controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.
  18. 18AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome

    In ovariectomized rats, abaloparatide improved L4 vertebra strength parameters versus OVX vehicle.

    In plain wordsIn rats, abaloparatide improved L4 vertebra strength parameters versus vehicle.

    Outcome
    IncreaseL4 vertebra strength parameters
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    ovariectomized osteopenic rats
    Comparator
    OVX vehicle
    Outcome group
    Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 or 20 µg/kg/day · subcutaneous · 6 weeksAs given in this study (rat).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Bone strength parameters of the femur diaphysis, femur neck and L4 vertebra were significantly improved in the OVX-ABL groups relative to OVX-Veh controls.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    We assessed the effect of 6 weeks of abaloparatide on bone mass, microarchitecture, quality and strength in ovariectomized (OVX) rats.
    Summary · context
    After 8 weeks of post-surgical bone depletion (baseline), OVX rats (n = 20-21/group) received daily subcutaneous vehicle (OVX-Veh) or abaloparatide at 5 or 20 µg/kg.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    22 Oct 2026, 02:25 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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