In vitro studies of antimicrobial activity of Gly-His-Lys conjugates as potential and promising candidates for therapeutics in skin and tissue infections.

Kukowska M, Kukowska-Kaszuba M, Dzierzbicka K

Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters16 Dec 2014Cited by 5 (Europe PMC)

PMID25556094DOI10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.029PepBankPUB-25556094

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study10

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone10

In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).

01LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, all tested Gly-His-Lys conjugates showed strong to moderate activity.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, all tested Gly-His-Lys conjugates showed strong to moderate antimicrobial activity.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableAntimicrobial activity of conjugates
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Source sentences
Summary
All the compounds exhibited strong to moderate activity.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609401
02LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, GHK conjugate 1d had an MIC range of 31.3-125.0μg/mL against Escherichia coli spp.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK conjugate 1d inhibited Escherichia coli.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableCompound 1d MIC against E. coli
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Measurements
MIC
31.3 to 125 μg/mL
Escherichia coli spp.
Source sentences
Summary
Compound 1d had the most potent antimicrobial activity at MIC ranges 31.3-125.0μg/mL (against Escherichia coli spp. and Staphylococcus aureus spp.), 375.0-500.0μg/mL (against Pseudomonas aeruginosa spp.).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609402
03LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, GHK conjugate 1d had an MIC range of 31.3-125.0μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus spp.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK conjugate 1d inhibited Staphylococcus aureus.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableCompound 1d MIC against S. aureus
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Measurements
MIC
31.3 to 125 μg/mL
Staphylococcus aureus spp.
Source sentences
Summary
Compound 1d had the most potent antimicrobial activity at MIC ranges 31.3-125.0μg/mL (against Escherichia coli spp. and Staphylococcus aureus spp.), 375.0-500.0μg/mL (against Pseudomonas aeruginosa spp.).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609403
04LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, GHK conjugate 1d had an MIC range of 375.0-500.0μg/mL against Pseudomonas aeruginosa spp.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK conjugate 1d inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableCompound 1d MIC against P. aeruginosa
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Measurements
MIC
375 to 500 μg/mL
Pseudomonas aeruginosa spp.
Source sentences
Summary
Compound 1d had the most potent antimicrobial activity at MIC ranges 31.3-125.0μg/mL (against Escherichia coli spp. and Staphylococcus aureus spp.), 375.0-500.0μg/mL (against Pseudomonas aeruginosa spp.).
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609404
05LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, GHK conjugate 5b had an MIC range of 250.0-500.0μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus spp.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK conjugate 5b inhibited Staphylococcus aureus.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableConjugate 5b MIC against S. aureus
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Measurements
MIC
250 to 500 μg/mL
Staphylococcus aureus spp.
Source sentences
Summary
Conjugate 5b expressed activity against Staphylococcus aureus spp. and Escherichia coli spp. at MIC ranges 250.0-500.0μg/mL and 62.5-125.0μg/mL, respectively.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609405
06LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, GHK conjugate 5b had an MIC range of 62.5-125.0μg/mL against Escherichia coli spp.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK conjugate 5b inhibited Escherichia coli.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableConjugate 5b MIC against E. coli
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Measurements
MIC
62.5 to 125 μg/mL
Escherichia coli spp.
Source sentences
Summary
Conjugate 5b expressed activity against Staphylococcus aureus spp. and Escherichia coli spp. at MIC ranges 250.0-500.0μg/mL and 62.5-125.0μg/mL, respectively.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609406
07LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, GHK conjugates 1d and 5b showed rapid bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria at 2MIC or 4MIC.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK conjugates 1d and 5b killed Gram-positive bacteria rapidly.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableRapid bactericidal activity
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Source sentences
Summary
Both conjugates 1d and 5b possessed rapid bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria at 2MIC or 4MIC.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609407
08LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, GHK conjugates 1b-c, 1e, 2a-b and 4b showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, several GHK conjugates showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableActivity against Gram-positive bacteria
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Source sentences
Summary
Conjugates 1b-c, 1e, 2a-b and 4b showed noticeable effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609408
09LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, GHK conjugates 1b-c, 1e, 2a-b and 4b showed activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, several GHK conjugates showed activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableActivity against Gram-negative bacteria
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Source sentences
Summary
Conjugates 1b-c, 1e, 2a-b and 4b showed noticeable effect against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609409
10LabNot a test of GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) aloneIn vitro (cells)Activity measurement
In microbial tests, GHK conjugates 1d, 1e and 2e showed the greatest activity against fungus among tested compounds.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, GHK conjugates 1d, 1e and 2e showed the greatest antifungal activity among tested compounds.
Peptide
GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)
Outcome
Not applicableAntifungal activity
Study
n: not reported in source
Microbial cultures
Comparator
Other tested compounds
Outcome group
Infection and antimicrobial activity · Infection
Source sentences
Summary
Compounds 1d, 1e and 2e were the most active against fungus.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The novel compounds include the conjugation of fatty acids with a modification of the amino acid sequence in the primary structure of Gly-His-Lys (6i).
In this study, GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine).
Report a problemFND-2555609410

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
14 Oct 2026, 05:02 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
14 Oct 2026, 01:46 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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