Optimization of spermatogenesis-regulating hormones in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and its impact on sperm retrieval: a multicentre study.

Hussein A, Ozgok Y, Ross L, Rao P, Niederberger C

BJU international7 Sept 2012Cited by 98 (Europe PMC)

PMID22958644DOI10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11485.xPepBankPUB-22958644

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study7

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone7

In this study, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).

01HumanNot a test of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In non-obstructive azoospermia, the clomiphene/hCG/hMG protocol increased FSH to the target level.
In plain wordsIn men with non-obstructive azoospermia, the clomiphene/hCG/hMG protocol raised FSH to the target level.
Peptide
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Outcome
IncreaseFSH target attainment
Study
n = 496
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Measurements
Attained FSH target relative to initial level
1.5 times its initial level
Clomiphene citrate, hCG and hMG protocol
Source sentences
Summary
The study shows that a new protocol of clomiphene citrate, hCG and hMG in the treatment of non-obstructive azoospermia achieves an increase in the levels of FSH, LH and total testosterone to the target levels that we set.
Summary
Our target level of FSH was 1.5 times its initial level and for serum testosterone it was 600-800 ng/dL.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 612 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia were evaluated with routine history, physical examination and hormonal assessment.
Summary · context
Of these, 116 patients underwent microsurgical (micro)-testicular sperm extraction (TESE) without any medical treatment and formed the control group and the remaining 496 patients were administered clomiphene citrate in a titrated dose.
Summary · context
For these patients we continued with clomiphene citrate and added human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
Summary · context
Accordingly, patients in groups 3 and 4 discontinued clomiphene citrate and started hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG).
In this study, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).
Report a problemFND-2295864401
02HumanNot a test of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In non-obstructive azoospermia, the clomiphene/hCG/hMG protocol increased LH to the target level.
In plain wordsIn men with non-obstructive azoospermia, the clomiphene/hCG/hMG protocol raised LH to the target level.
Peptide
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Outcome
IncreaseLH target attainment
Study
n = 496
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
The study shows that a new protocol of clomiphene citrate, hCG and hMG in the treatment of non-obstructive azoospermia achieves an increase in the levels of FSH, LH and total testosterone to the target levels that we set.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 612 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia were evaluated with routine history, physical examination and hormonal assessment.
Summary · context
Of these, 116 patients underwent microsurgical (micro)-testicular sperm extraction (TESE) without any medical treatment and formed the control group and the remaining 496 patients were administered clomiphene citrate in a titrated dose.
Summary · context
For these patients we continued with clomiphene citrate and added human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
Summary · context
Accordingly, patients in groups 3 and 4 discontinued clomiphene citrate and started hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG).
In this study, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).
Report a problemFND-2295864402
03HumanNot a test of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In non-obstructive azoospermia, the clomiphene/hCG/hMG protocol increased total testosterone to the target level.
In plain wordsIn men with non-obstructive azoospermia, the clomiphene/hCG/hMG protocol raised total testosterone to the target level.
Peptide
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Outcome
IncreaseTotal testosterone target attainment
Study
n = 496
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Measurements
Attained serum testosterone target
600 to 800 ng/dL
Clomiphene citrate, hCG and hMG protocol
Source sentences
Summary
The study shows that a new protocol of clomiphene citrate, hCG and hMG in the treatment of non-obstructive azoospermia achieves an increase in the levels of FSH, LH and total testosterone to the target levels that we set.
Summary
Our target level of FSH was 1.5 times its initial level and for serum testosterone it was 600-800 ng/dL.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 612 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia were evaluated with routine history, physical examination and hormonal assessment.
Summary · context
Of these, 116 patients underwent microsurgical (micro)-testicular sperm extraction (TESE) without any medical treatment and formed the control group and the remaining 496 patients were administered clomiphene citrate in a titrated dose.
Summary · context
For these patients we continued with clomiphene citrate and added human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
Summary · context
Accordingly, patients in groups 3 and 4 discontinued clomiphene citrate and started hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG).
In this study, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).
Report a problemFND-2295864403
04HumanNot a test of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In non-obstructive azoospermia, the response-based protocol yielded sperm in semen in 54 patients (10.9%).
In plain wordsIn men with non-obstructive azoospermia, the response-based protocol yielded sperm in semen in 54 patients (10.9%).
Peptide
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Outcome
Not applicableSperm in semen after treatment
Study
n = 496
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Measurements
Patients with sperm in semen after treatment
54 patients
All response-based treatment groups
Patients with sperm in semen after treatment
10.9%
All response-based treatment groups
Source sentences
Summary
Sperm were noted in 54 patients (10.9%) in semen analysis after treatment in all groups (with no significant difference) at a mean (sd) concentration of 2.3 (4.1) million/mL.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 612 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia were evaluated with routine history, physical examination and hormonal assessment.
Summary · context
Of these, 116 patients underwent microsurgical (micro)-testicular sperm extraction (TESE) without any medical treatment and formed the control group and the remaining 496 patients were administered clomiphene citrate in a titrated dose.
Summary · context
For these patients we continued with clomiphene citrate and added human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
Summary · context
Accordingly, patients in groups 3 and 4 discontinued clomiphene citrate and started hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG).
In this study, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).
Report a problemFND-2295864404
05HumanNot a test of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In non-obstructive azoospermia, sperm appearance after the response-based protocol did not significantly differ across treatment groups.
In plain wordsIn men with non-obstructive azoospermia, sperm appearance after the response-based protocol did not significantly differ between treatment groups.
Peptide
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Outcome
No significant changeSperm appearance between response groups
Study
n = 496
Comparator
Other response-based treatment groups
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Measurements
Response-group patient count
372 patients
Group 1, sperm appearance comparison across response-based treatment groups
Response-group patient count
62 patients
Group 2, sperm appearance comparison across response-based treatment groups
Response-group patient count
46 patients
Group 3, sperm appearance comparison across response-based treatment groups
Response-group patient count
16 patients
Group 4, sperm appearance comparison across response-based treatment groups
Source sentences
Summary
Sperm were noted in 54 patients (10.9%) in semen analysis after treatment in all groups (with no significant difference) at a mean (sd) concentration of 2.3 (4.1) million/mL.
Summary
Group 1: patients with an obvious increase in FSH and total testosterone (n = 372).
Summary
Group 2: patients showing an increase in FSH with no or little increase in LH and total testosterone (n = 62).
Summary
Group 3: patients with no increase in the levels of the three hormones (n = 46).
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 612 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia were evaluated with routine history, physical examination and hormonal assessment.
Summary · context
Of these, 116 patients underwent microsurgical (micro)-testicular sperm extraction (TESE) without any medical treatment and formed the control group and the remaining 496 patients were administered clomiphene citrate in a titrated dose.
Summary · context
For these patients we continued with clomiphene citrate and added human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
Summary · context
Accordingly, patients in groups 3 and 4 discontinued clomiphene citrate and started hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG).
In this study, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).
Report a problemFND-2295864405
06HumanNot a test of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In treated men with sperm in semen, mean sperm concentration was 2.3 (4.1) million/mL after the response-based protocol.
In plain wordsIn treated men with sperm in semen, mean sperm concentration was 2.3 (4.1) million/mL after the response-based protocol.
Peptide
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Outcome
Not applicableSemen sperm concentration
Study
n = 54
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Measurements
Mean semen sperm concentration
2.3 million/mL
Patients with sperm in semen after treatment
Standard deviation of semen sperm concentration
4.1 million/mL
Patients with sperm in semen after treatment
Source sentences
Summary
Sperm were noted in 54 patients (10.9%) in semen analysis after treatment in all groups (with no significant difference) at a mean (sd) concentration of 2.3 (4.1) million/mL.
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 612 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia were evaluated with routine history, physical examination and hormonal assessment.
Summary · context
Of these, 116 patients underwent microsurgical (micro)-testicular sperm extraction (TESE) without any medical treatment and formed the control group and the remaining 496 patients were administered clomiphene citrate in a titrated dose.
Summary · context
For these patients we continued with clomiphene citrate and added human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
Summary · context
Accordingly, patients in groups 3 and 4 discontinued clomiphene citrate and started hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG).
In this study, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).
Report a problemFND-2295864406
07HumanNot a test of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) aloneNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome
In persistently azoospermic men, sperm retrieval succeeded in 57% after the response-based protocol versus 33.6% without medical treatment.
In plain wordsIn persistently azoospermic men, sperm retrieval succeeded in 57% after the protocol versus 33.6% without medical treatment.
Peptide
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Outcome
IncreaseSuccessful sperm retrieval
Study
n: not reported in source
Comparator
No medical treatment
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Measurements
Successful sperm retrieval
57%
442 patients remaining azoospermic after treatment, micro-TESE
Successful sperm retrieval
33.6%
Control group without medical treatment, micro-TESE
Patients remaining azoospermic after treatment
442 patients
Treated group, micro-TESE sperm retrieval comparison
Control-group patient count
116 patients
No medical treatment, micro-TESE sperm retrieval comparison
Source sentences
Summary
For the 442 patients who remained azoospermic after treatment, successful sperm retrieval was significantly higher (57%) compared with the control group (33.6%).
4 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
A total of 612 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia were evaluated with routine history, physical examination and hormonal assessment.
Summary · context
Of these, 116 patients underwent microsurgical (micro)-testicular sperm extraction (TESE) without any medical treatment and formed the control group and the remaining 496 patients were administered clomiphene citrate in a titrated dose.
Summary · context
For these patients we continued with clomiphene citrate and added human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
Summary · context
Accordingly, patients in groups 3 and 4 discontinued clomiphene citrate and started hCG and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG).
In this study, hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).
Report a problemFND-2295864407

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Registered trials1

Trials this study reports on, or that list this study as a reference. Registry data from ClinicalTrials.gov.

1 trial · 1 completed · source ClinicalTrials.gov (opens in a new tab)

CompletedPhase not statedNCT05110391

Sperm Retrieval Rates in Non-obstructive Azoospermic Men Subjected to Gonadotropin Therapy

ANDROFERT - Clinica de Andrologia e Reproducao Humanan = 6161 Feb 2014 to 15 Sept 2021

Non-obstructive Azoospermia · Hormone Deficiency · Hypogonadism, Male · Male Infertility

Trial page ClinicalTrials.govUpdated 3 Nov 2022

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
14 Oct 2026, 05:02 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
14 Oct 2026, 01:46 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

Publication types

MeSH terms

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