Thymus peptides regulate activity of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells: inhibitory analysis and a role of signal cascades.

Lunin SM, Glushkova OV, Khrenov MO, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Fesenko EE, Novoselova EG

Expert opinion on therapeutic targets9 Dec 2011Cited by 11 (Europe PMC)

PMID22148922DOI10.1517/14728222.2011.641952PepBankPUB-22148922

Publisher page PubMedAsk about this study

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study12

9 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In unstimulated RAW macrophages, thymulin increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion.
In plain wordsIn cells without LPS stimulation, thymulin increased inflammatory cytokine release.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
IncreaseUnstimulated cytokine secretion
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Both peptides increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion by unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
Report a problemFND-2214892201
02LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages, thymulin alone did not affect cytokine secretion.
In plain wordsIn LPS-stimulated cells, thymulin alone did not change cytokine release.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
No significant changeLPS-stimulated cytokine secretion
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
In macrophages stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, peptides alone did not affect cytokine secretion, but significantly enhanced effects of each of the inhibitors.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
Report a problemFND-2214892205
03LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages, thymulin enhanced the NF-κB inhibitor's effect on cytokine secretion.
In plain wordsIn LPS-stimulated cells, adding thymulin enhanced the NF-κB inhibitor's effect compared with the inhibitor alone.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
Not applicableNF-κB inhibitor enhancement
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Comparator
NF-κB inhibitor alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
In macrophages stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, peptides alone did not affect cytokine secretion, but significantly enhanced effects of each of the inhibitors.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Both peptides increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion by unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and these effects were blocked by the NF-κB cascade inhibitor, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK cascade inhibitor and, to a lesser extent, Toll-like 4 receptor activity inhibitor.
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
Report a problemFND-2214892206
04LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages, thymulin enhanced the SAPK/JNK inhibitor's effect on cytokine secretion.
In plain wordsIn LPS-stimulated cells, adding thymulin enhanced the SAPK/JNK inhibitor's effect compared with the inhibitor alone.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
Not applicableSAPK/JNK inhibitor enhancement
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Comparator
SAPK/JNK inhibitor alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
In macrophages stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, peptides alone did not affect cytokine secretion, but significantly enhanced effects of each of the inhibitors.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Both peptides increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion by unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and these effects were blocked by the NF-κB cascade inhibitor, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK cascade inhibitor and, to a lesser extent, Toll-like 4 receptor activity inhibitor.
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
Report a problemFND-2214892207
05LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages, thymulin enhanced the TLR4 inhibitor's effect on cytokine secretion.
In plain wordsIn LPS-stimulated cells, adding thymulin enhanced the TLR4 inhibitor's effect compared with the inhibitor alone.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
Not applicableTLR4 inhibitor enhancement
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Comparator
TLR4 inhibitor alone
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
In macrophages stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, peptides alone did not affect cytokine secretion, but significantly enhanced effects of each of the inhibitors.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Both peptides increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion by unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and these effects were blocked by the NF-κB cascade inhibitor, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK cascade inhibitor and, to a lesser extent, Toll-like 4 receptor activity inhibitor.
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
Report a problemFND-2214892208
06LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages, thymulin decreased SAPK/JNK activation.
In plain wordsIn LPS-stimulated cells, thymulin reduced SAPK/JNK activation.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseSAPK/JNK activation
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Thymopentin increased activation of both NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascades in unstimulated macrophages, while thymulin significantly decreased activation of the SAPK/JNK but not NF-κB cascade in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
Report a problemFND-2214892209
07LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages, thymulin did not decrease NF-κB activation.
In plain wordsIn LPS-stimulated cells, thymulin did not reduce NF-κB activation.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
No significant changeNF-κB activation
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Outcome group
Receptor activity and mechanism · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Thymopentin increased activation of both NF-κB and SAPK/JNK cascades in unstimulated macrophages, while thymulin significantly decreased activation of the SAPK/JNK but not NF-κB cascade in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
Report a problemFND-2214892210
08LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages, thymulin increased HSP72 production.
In plain wordsIn LPS-stimulated cells, thymulin increased HSP72 production.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
IncreaseHSP72 production in stimulated cells
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Thymulin and thymopentin increased production of the heat shock protein HSP72 both in LPS-stimulated and unstimulated cells.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
Report a problemFND-2214892211
09LabIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In unstimulated RAW macrophages, thymulin increased HSP72 production.
In plain wordsIn unstimulated cells, thymulin increased HSP72 production.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
IncreaseHSP72 production in unstimulated cells
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Studied dose
Dose not stated
Source sentences
Summary
Thymulin and thymopentin increased production of the heat shock protein HSP72 both in LPS-stimulated and unstimulated cells.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
Report a problemFND-2214892212

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).

10LabNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In unstimulated RAW macrophages, an NF-κB inhibitor blocked thymulin-associated cytokine secretion increases.
In plain wordsIn cells, an NF-κB inhibitor blocked the increase in cytokine release associated with thymulin.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseNF-κB inhibitor blockade
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Both peptides increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion by unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and these effects were blocked by the NF-κB cascade inhibitor, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK cascade inhibitor and, to a lesser extent, Toll-like 4 receptor activity inhibitor.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Report a problemFND-2214892202
11LabNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In unstimulated RAW macrophages, a SAPK/JNK inhibitor blocked thymulin-associated cytokine secretion increases.
In plain wordsIn cells, a SAPK/JNK inhibitor blocked the increase in cytokine release associated with thymulin.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseSAPK/JNK inhibitor blockade
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Both peptides increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion by unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and these effects were blocked by the NF-κB cascade inhibitor, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK cascade inhibitor and, to a lesser extent, Toll-like 4 receptor activity inhibitor.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Report a problemFND-2214892203
12LabNot a test of Thymulin (serum thymic factor) aloneIn vitro (cells)Mechanism
In unstimulated RAW macrophages, a TLR4 inhibitor partially blocked thymulin-associated cytokine secretion increases.
In plain wordsIn cells, a TLR4 inhibitor reduced the increase in cytokine release associated with thymulin.
Peptide
Thymulin (serum thymic factor)
Outcome
DecreaseTLR4 inhibitor blockade
Study
n: not reported in source
RAW 264.7 macrophages
Outcome group
Inflammation markers · Immune and inflammation
Source sentences
Summary
Both peptides increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion by unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and these effects were blocked by the NF-κB cascade inhibitor, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK cascade inhibitor and, to a lesser extent, Toll-like 4 receptor activity inhibitor.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The effects of two thymic peptides- thymulin and thymopentin were studied in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages (lipopolysaccharide-stimulated or unstimulated) by measuring cytokine production and signal protein levels.
In this study, Thymulin (serum thymic factor) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Thymulin (serum thymic factor).
Report a problemFND-2214892204

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 3Current
21 Oct 2026, 15:58 UTC
Study results updated
Version 2
21 Oct 2026, 13:55 UTC
Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 12:50 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

Thymus peptides regulate activity of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells: inhibitory analysis and a role of signal cascades.

Summary

Results from this study12

Studies that did not test the peptide alone3

Version history

Subjects

Publication types

MeSH terms