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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 2012

3 results

Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, nitric oxide synthase, and their receptors in human and rat sphenopalatine ganglion.

Csati A, Tajti J, Kuris A, Tuka B, Edvinsson L, Warfvinge K

Neuroscience7 Nov 2011Cited by 69 (Europe PMC)

PMID22108610 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.055 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-22108610
Publisher pagePubMedAsk about this study
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study3

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured3

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    VIP-immunoreactive neurons and fibers were frequently found in the human sphenopalatine ganglion.

    In plain wordsThe body's own VIP was often present in nerve cells and fibers of a human head ganglion.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    Not applicableVIP-immunoreactive neurons and fibers in human sphenopalatine ganglion
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    VIP-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons as well as fibers were frequently found in human SPG.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The present study was performed to examine the expression of the parasympathetic signaling transmitters and their receptors in human and rat SPG.

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 02HumanEndogenous levelObservational studyOther

    In the human sphenopalatine ganglion, VIP co-localized with nitric oxide synthase.

    In plain wordsIn human tissue, the body's own VIP and the enzyme NOS were found in the same nerve cells.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    Not applicableVIP and NOS co-localization in human sphenopalatine ganglion
    Study

    n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Co-localization was found between VIP and NOS.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The present study was performed to examine the expression of the parasympathetic signaling transmitters and their receptors in human and rat SPG.

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  3. 03AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other

    VIP-immunoreactive neurons and fibers were found in many cells of the rat sphenopalatine ganglion.

    In plain wordsIn rats, the body's own VIP was present in many nerve cells and fibers of a head ganglion.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    Not applicableVIP-immunoreactive neurons and fibers in rat sphenopalatine ganglion
    Study

    ratn: not reported in source

    Rat sphenopalatine ganglion tissue
    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    In rat VIP-, NOS-, and PACAP-ir were found in many neurons and fibers.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    The present study was performed to examine the expression of the parasympathetic signaling transmitters and their receptors in human and rat SPG.

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    12 Oct 2026, 12:58 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 12:41 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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