Endogenous PTH deficiency impairs fracture healing and impedes the fracture-healing efficacy of exogenous PTH(1-34).

Ren Y, Liu B, Feng Y, Shu L, Cao X, Karaplis A, Goltzman D, Miao D

PloS one29 Jul 2011Cited by 25 (Europe PMC)

PMID21829585PMCIDPMC3146536DOI10.1371/journal.pone.0023060PepBankPUB-21829585

Summary

BackgroundAlthough the capacity of exogenous PTH1-34 to enhance the rate of bone repair is well established in animal models, our understanding of the mechanism(s) whereby PTH induces an anabolic response during skeletal repair remains limited. Furthermore it is unknown whether endogenous PTH is required for fracture healing and how the absence of endogenous PTH would influence the fracture-healing capacity of exogenous PTH.Methodology/principal findingsClosed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice. Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture. Cartilaginous callus areas were reduced at 1 week post-fracture, but were increased at 2 weeks post-fracture in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice respectively. The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.Conclusions/significanceAbsence of endogenous PTH1-84 impedes bone fracture healing. Exogenous PTH1-34 can act in the absence of endogenous PTH but callus formation, including accelerated endochondral bone formation and callus remodeling as well as mechanical strength of the bone are greater when endogenous PTH is present. Results of this study suggest a complementary role for endogenous PTH1-84 and exogenous PTH1-34 in accelerating fracture healing.

CC BYText from Europe PMC. Highlighted sentences are the source of results.

Results from this study14

6 results from studies that gave the peptide. No result from this study comes from people.

01AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In wild-type and Pth-null mice with fractures, PTH1-34 increased mineralized callus areas versus genotype-matched vehicle controls.
In plain wordsIn mice with fractures, PTH increased mineralized callus areas compared with vehicle in both genotypes.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
IncreaseMineralized callus areas
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Vehicle in the same genotype
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Studied dose
80 µg/kg daily · injection · 1-4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958503
02AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In wild-type and Pth-null mice with fractures, PTH1-34 increased bony callus areas versus genotype-matched vehicle controls.
In plain wordsIn mice with fractures, PTH increased bony callus areas compared with vehicle in both genotypes.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
IncreaseBony callus areas
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Vehicle in the same genotype
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Studied dose
80 µg/kg daily · injection · 1-4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958504
03AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In wild-type and Pth-null mice with fractures, PTH1-34 increased osteoblast number versus genotype-matched vehicle controls.
In plain wordsIn mice with fractures, PTH increased bone-forming cell numbers compared with vehicle in both genotypes.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
IncreaseOsteoblast number
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Vehicle in the same genotype
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Studied dose
80 µg/kg daily · injection · 1-4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958505
04AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In wild-type and Pth-null mice with fractures, PTH1-34 increased osteoblast activity versus genotype-matched vehicle controls.
In plain wordsIn mice with fractures, PTH increased bone-forming cell activity compared with vehicle in both genotypes.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
IncreaseOsteoblast activity
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Vehicle in the same genotype
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Studied dose
80 µg/kg daily · injection · 1-4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958506
05AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In wild-type and Pth-null mice with fractures, PTH1-34 increased osteoclast number versus genotype-matched vehicle controls.
In plain wordsIn mice with fractures, PTH increased bone-resorbing cell numbers compared with vehicle in both genotypes.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
IncreaseOsteoclast number
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Vehicle in the same genotype
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Studied dose
80 µg/kg daily · injection · 1-4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958507
06AnimalAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In wild-type and Pth-null mice with fractures, PTH1-34 increased osteoclast surface versus genotype-matched vehicle controls.
In plain wordsIn mice with fractures, PTH increased bone-resorbing cell surface compared with vehicle in both genotypes.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
IncreaseOsteoclast surface
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Vehicle in the same genotype
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Studied dose
80 µg/kg daily · injection · 1-4 weeksAs given in this study (mouse).
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958508

Studies that did not test the peptide alone8

In this study, Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Teriparatide (PTH 1-34).

07AnimalNot a test of Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice, Pth deletion reduced cartilaginous callus areas at 1 week under both vehicle and PTH treatment.
In plain wordsIn mice, Pth deletion reduced cartilage callus compared with wild-type mice at 1 week under both treatments.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
DecreaseCartilaginous callus at 1 week
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Wild-type mice under corresponding treatment
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
Cartilaginous callus areas were reduced at 1 week post-fracture, but were increased at 2 weeks post-fracture in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice respectively.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
In this study, Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Teriparatide (PTH 1-34).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958501
08AnimalNot a test of Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice, Pth deletion increased cartilaginous callus areas at 2 weeks under both vehicle and PTH treatment.
In plain wordsIn mice, Pth deletion increased cartilage callus compared with wild-type mice at 2 weeks under both treatments.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
IncreaseCartilaginous callus at 2 weeks
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Wild-type mice under corresponding treatment
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
Cartilaginous callus areas were reduced at 1 week post-fracture, but were increased at 2 weeks post-fracture in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice respectively.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
In this study, Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Teriparatide (PTH 1-34).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958502
09AnimalNot a test of Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice, Pth deletion reduced mineralized callus areas under both vehicle and PTH treatment compared with corresponding wild-type mice.
In plain wordsIn mice, Pth deletion reduced mineralized callus compared with wild-type mice under both treatments.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
DecreaseMineralized callus areas with Pth deletion
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Wild-type mice under corresponding treatment
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
In this study, Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Teriparatide (PTH 1-34).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958509
10AnimalNot a test of Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice, Pth deletion reduced bony callus areas under both vehicle and PTH treatment compared with corresponding wild-type mice.
In plain wordsIn mice, Pth deletion reduced bony callus compared with wild-type mice under both treatments.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
DecreaseBony callus areas with Pth deletion
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Wild-type mice under corresponding treatment
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
In this study, Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Teriparatide (PTH 1-34).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958510
11AnimalNot a test of Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice, Pth deletion reduced osteoblast number under both vehicle and PTH treatment compared with corresponding wild-type mice.
In plain wordsIn mice, Pth deletion reduced bone-forming cell numbers compared with wild-type mice under both treatments.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
DecreaseOsteoblast number with Pth deletion
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Wild-type mice under corresponding treatment
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
In this study, Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Teriparatide (PTH 1-34).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958511
12AnimalNot a test of Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice, Pth deletion reduced osteoblast activity under both vehicle and PTH treatment compared with corresponding wild-type mice.
In plain wordsIn mice, Pth deletion reduced bone-forming cell activity compared with wild-type mice under both treatments.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
DecreaseOsteoblast activity with Pth deletion
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Wild-type mice under corresponding treatment
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
In this study, Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Teriparatide (PTH 1-34).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958512
13AnimalNot a test of Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice, Pth deletion reduced osteoclast number under both vehicle and PTH treatment compared with corresponding wild-type mice.
In plain wordsIn mice, Pth deletion reduced bone-resorbing cell numbers compared with wild-type mice under both treatments.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
DecreaseOsteoclast number with Pth deletion
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Wild-type mice under corresponding treatment
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
In this study, Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Teriparatide (PTH 1-34).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958513
14AnimalNot a test of Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) aloneAnimal study (in vivo)Efficacy outcome
In mice, Pth deletion reduced osteoclast surface under both vehicle and PTH treatment compared with corresponding wild-type mice.
In plain wordsIn mice, Pth deletion reduced bone-resorbing cell surface compared with wild-type mice under both treatments.
Peptide
Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)
Outcome
DecreaseOsteoclast surface with Pth deletion
Study
mousen: not reported in source
Femur fracture in wild-type and Pth-null mice
Comparator
Wild-type mice under corresponding treatment
Outcome group
Bone and joint · Musculoskeletal
Source sentences
Summary
The mineralized callus areas, bony callus areas, osteoblast number and activity, osteoclast number and surface in callus tissues were all reduced in vehicle-treated and PTH-treated Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated and PTH-treated wild-type mice, but were increased in PTH-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice compared to vehicle-treated wild-type and Pth(-/-) mice.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
Closed mid-diaphyseal femur fractures were created and stabilized with an intramedullary pin in 8-week-old wild-type and Pth null (Pth(-/-)) mice.
Summary · context
Mice received daily injections of vehicle or of PTH1-34 (80 µg/kg) for 1-4 weeks post-fracture, and callus tissue properties were analyzed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture.
In this study, Teriparatide (PTH 1-34) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Teriparatide (PTH 1-34).
Show in the study text Report a problemFND-2182958514

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
22 Oct 2026, 02:26 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
21 Oct 2026, 18:59 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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