Delivery and stability of LHRH and Nafarelin in human skin: the effect of constant/pulsed iontophoresis.

Raiman J, Koljonen M, Huikko K, Kostiainen R, Hirvonen J

European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences1 Feb 2004Cited by 30 (Europe PMC)

PMID14757511DOI10.1016/j.ejps.2003.11.003PepBankPUB-14757511

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study4

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Studies that did not test the peptide alone4

In this study, Nafarelin was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking Nafarelin.

01LabNot a test of Nafarelin aloneEx vivo tissueOther
In human epidermis tests, pulsed direct current transported nafarelin most efficiently among the tested current profiles.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, pulsed direct current transported nafarelin through human epidermis most efficiently.
Peptide
Nafarelin
Outcome
IncreaseTransdermal transport
Study
humann: not reported in source
Human epidermis
Comparator
Other current profiles
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
Pulsed direct current profile was shown to be the most efficient in transporting both LHRH and Nafarelin across the human epidermis.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The present study examined the impact of constant and pulsed (direct/alternating) current profiles on the transport and stability of two decapeptides LHRH and Nafarelin.
Summary · context
The stability of these peptides was studied in a physiological buffer solution, with electrical current, and when the peptide solution was exposed to the stratum corneum or to the epidermal/dermal side of human skin.
In this study, Nafarelin was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Nafarelin.
Report a problemFND-1475751101
02LabNot a test of Nafarelin aloneEx vivo tissueOther
In human skin stability tests, no nafarelin degradation products were observed.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, researchers observed no nafarelin degradation products.
Peptide
Nafarelin
Outcome
Not applicableDegradation products
Study
humann: not reported in source
Human skin stability testing
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
No degradation products of Nafarelin were observed.
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The present study examined the impact of constant and pulsed (direct/alternating) current profiles on the transport and stability of two decapeptides LHRH and Nafarelin.
Summary · context
The stability of these peptides was studied in a physiological buffer solution, with electrical current, and when the peptide solution was exposed to the stratum corneum or to the epidermal/dermal side of human skin.
In this study, Nafarelin was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Nafarelin.
Report a problemFND-1475751104
03LabNot a test of Nafarelin aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In buffer tests, nafarelin remained stable in physiological buffer.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, nafarelin remained stable in physiological buffer.
Peptide
Nafarelin
Outcome
Not applicableBuffer stability
Study
n: not reported in source
Physiological buffer
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
Both the peptides were stable in a physiological buffer and under the influence of current
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The present study examined the impact of constant and pulsed (direct/alternating) current profiles on the transport and stability of two decapeptides LHRH and Nafarelin.
Summary · context
The stability of these peptides was studied in a physiological buffer solution, with electrical current, and when the peptide solution was exposed to the stratum corneum or to the epidermal/dermal side of human skin.
In this study, Nafarelin was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Nafarelin.
Report a problemFND-1475751102
04LabNot a test of Nafarelin aloneIn vitro (cell-free)Other
In buffer tests, nafarelin remained stable under electrical current.
In plain wordsIn lab tests, nafarelin remained stable under electrical current.
Peptide
Nafarelin
Outcome
Not applicableStability under electrical current
Study
n: not reported in source
Physiological buffer under electrical current
Outcome group
Pharmacokinetics · Pharmacology
Source sentences
Summary
Both the peptides were stable in a physiological buffer and under the influence of current
2 context sentences(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
The present study examined the impact of constant and pulsed (direct/alternating) current profiles on the transport and stability of two decapeptides LHRH and Nafarelin.
Summary · context
The stability of these peptides was studied in a physiological buffer solution, with electrical current, and when the peptide solution was exposed to the stratum corneum or to the epidermal/dermal side of human skin.
In this study, Nafarelin was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking Nafarelin.
Report a problemFND-1475751103

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Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
28 Oct 2026, 02:03 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
27 Oct 2026, 16:36 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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