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Study · Randomized controlled trial · n = 15 · 1996

22 results

Recombinant human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, and combination therapy in AIDS-associated wasting. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Waters D, Danska J, Hardy K, Koster F, Qualls C, Nickell D, Nightingale S, Gesundheit N, Watson D, Schade D

Annals of internal medicine1 Dec 1996Cited by 83 (Europe PMC)

Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study22

14 results from studies that gave the peptide. 14 results from people.

  1. 01HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone increased lean body mass at 6 weeks.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone increased lean body mass at 6 weeks.

    Outcome
    IncreaseLean body mass at 6 weeks
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Body composition · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    5 mg twice dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 6 weeks, lean body mass had increased and total fat mass had decreased in the groups receiving rhGH, rhIGF-1, or both.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
  2. 02HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone decreased total fat mass at 6 weeks.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone decreased total fat mass at 6 weeks.

    Outcome
    DecreaseFat mass at 6 weeks
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Body composition · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    5 mg twice dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 6 weeks, lean body mass had increased and total fat mass had decreased in the groups receiving rhGH, rhIGF-1, or both.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
  3. 03HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone did not maintain body mass changes at 12 weeks.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone did not maintain body mass changes at 12 weeks.

    Outcome
    No significant changeBody mass persistence at 12 weeks
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Body composition · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    5 mg twice dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Group 3 had the greatest changes in lean body mass (mean +/- SE, 3.2 +/- 0.59 kg; P < 0.001); only in this group were changes in body mass maintained at 12 weeks.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
  4. 04HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone did not improve knee muscular strength.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone did not improve knee muscular strength.

    Outcome
    No significant changeKnee muscular strength
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 mg twice dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only patients in group 1 had improvement in muscular strength of the knees and upper body (P = 0.04) and quality of life (P = 0.01).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily; group 2 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus placebo once daily; group 3 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily; and group 4 received placebo three times daily.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
  5. 05HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone did not improve upper-body muscular strength.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone did not improve upper-body muscular strength.

    Outcome
    No significant changeUpper-body muscular strength
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    5 mg twice dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only patients in group 1 had improvement in muscular strength of the knees and upper body (P = 0.04) and quality of life (P = 0.01).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily; group 2 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus placebo once daily; group 3 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily; and group 4 received placebo three times daily.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
  6. 06HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone did not improve quality of life.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, rhIGF-1 alone did not improve quality of life.

    Outcome
    No significant changeQuality of life
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Quality of life · Whole body
    Studied dose
    5 mg twice dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only patients in group 1 had improvement in muscular strength of the knees and upper body (P = 0.04) and quality of life (P = 0.01).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily; group 2 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus placebo once daily; group 3 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily; and group 4 received placebo three times daily.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
  7. 07HumanRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, immunologic function did not improve in any group, including rhIGF-1 alone.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, immune function did not improve in any group, including rhIGF-1 alone.

    Outcome
    No significant changeImmunologic function
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    5 mg twice dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Immunologic function did not improve in any group.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
  8. 08HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS-associated wasting, rhGH alone increased lean body mass at 6 weeks versus baseline.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS-associated wasting, rhGH alone increased lean body mass at 6 weeks versus baseline.

    Outcome
    IncreaseLean body mass at 6 weeks
    Study

    n = 15

    Comparator
    Baseline
    Outcome group
    Body composition · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    1.4 mg once dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 6 weeks, lean body mass had increased and total fat mass had decreased in the groups receiving rhGH, rhIGF-1, or both.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily;
  9. 09HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS-associated wasting, rhGH alone decreased total fat mass at 6 weeks versus baseline.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS-associated wasting, rhGH alone decreased total fat mass at 6 weeks versus baseline.

    Outcome
    DecreaseTotal fat mass at 6 weeks
    Study

    n = 15

    Comparator
    Baseline
    Outcome group
    Body composition · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    1.4 mg once dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 6 weeks, lean body mass had increased and total fat mass had decreased in the groups receiving rhGH, rhIGF-1, or both.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily;
  10. 10HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS-associated wasting, rhGH alone did not maintain body mass changes at 12 weeks.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS-associated wasting, rhGH alone did not maintain body mass changes at 12 weeks.

    Outcome
    Direction not reportedMaintenance of body mass changes at 12 weeks
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Body composition · Metabolic and weight
    Studied dose
    1.4 mg once dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Group 3 had the greatest changes in lean body mass (mean +/- SE, 3.2 +/- 0.59 kg; P < 0.001); only in this group were changes in body mass maintained at 12 weeks.
    5 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily; group 2 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus placebo once daily; group 3 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily; and group 4 received placebo three times daily.
    Summary · context
    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily;
  11. 11HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS-associated wasting, only rhGH alone improved knee muscular strength, with P = 0.04 for the reported strength result.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS-associated wasting, only rhGH alone improved knee muscular strength versus baseline.

    Outcome
    IncreaseKnee muscular strength
    Study

    n = 15

    Comparator
    Baseline
    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    1.4 mg once dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    P value
    0.04
    muscular strength

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only patients in group 1 had improvement in muscular strength of the knees and upper body (P = 0.04) and quality of life (P = 0.01).
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily;
  12. 12HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS-associated wasting, only rhGH alone improved upper body muscular strength, with P = 0.04 for the reported strength result.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS-associated wasting, only rhGH alone improved upper body muscular strength versus baseline.

    Outcome
    IncreaseUpper body muscular strength
    Study

    n = 15

    Comparator
    Baseline
    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Musculoskeletal
    Studied dose
    1.4 mg once dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    P value
    0.04
    muscular strength

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only patients in group 1 had improvement in muscular strength of the knees and upper body (P = 0.04) and quality of life (P = 0.01).
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily;
  13. 13HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS-associated wasting, only rhGH alone improved quality of life versus baseline (P = 0.01).

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS-associated wasting, only rhGH alone improved quality of life versus baseline.

    Outcome
    Direction not reportedQuality of life
    Study

    n = 15

    Comparator
    Baseline
    Outcome group
    Quality of life · Whole body
    Studied dose
    1.4 mg once dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Measurements

    P value
    0.01
    quality of life

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only patients in group 1 had improvement in muscular strength of the knees and upper body (P = 0.04) and quality of life (P = 0.01).
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily;
  14. 14HumanNon-randomized trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS-associated wasting, rhGH alone did not improve immunologic function, as in every group.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS-associated wasting, rhGH alone did not improve immune function, as in every group.

    Outcome
    Direction not reportedImmunologic function
    Study

    n = 15

    Comparator
    Baseline
    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation
    Studied dose
    1.4 mg once dailyAs given in this study (human).

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Immunologic function did not improve in any group.
    4 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily;

Studies that did not test the peptide alone8

In this study, IGF-1 (mecasermin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. These results are not evidence about taking IGF-1 (mecasermin).

  1. 15HumanNot a test of IGF-1 (mecasermin) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH increased lean body mass at 6 weeks.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH increased lean body mass at 6 weeks.

    Outcome
    IncreaseLean body mass at 6 weeks
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Body composition · Metabolic and weight

    Measurements

    Mean lean body mass change
    3.2 kg
    Group 3 (rhIGF-1 plus rhGH), 6 weeks, mean +/- SE 3.2 +/- 0.59 kg
    p value for lean body mass change in group 3
    < 0.001 p value
    Group 3 (rhIGF-1 plus rhGH), lean body mass change at 6 weeks, reference comparison not specified

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 6 weeks, lean body mass had increased and total fat mass had decreased in the groups receiving rhGH, rhIGF-1, or both.
    Summary
    Group 3 had the greatest changes in lean body mass (mean +/- SE, 3.2 +/- 0.59 kg; P < 0.001); only in this group were changes in body mass maintained at 12 weeks.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.

    In this study, IGF-1 (mecasermin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking IGF-1 (mecasermin).

  2. 16HumanNot a test of IGF-1 (mecasermin) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH decreased total fat mass at 6 weeks.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH decreased total fat mass at 6 weeks.

    Outcome
    DecreaseFat mass at 6 weeks
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Body composition · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    At 6 weeks, lean body mass had increased and total fat mass had decreased in the groups receiving rhGH, rhIGF-1, or both.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.

    In this study, IGF-1 (mecasermin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking IGF-1 (mecasermin).

  3. 17HumanNot a test of IGF-1 (mecasermin) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH produced the greatest lean body mass change, 3.2 kg.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH produced the greatest lean body mass change, 3.2 kg.

    Outcome
    IncreaseLean body mass change
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Body composition · Metabolic and weight

    Measurements

    Lean body mass change
    3.2 kg
    Group 3 (rhIGF-1 plus rhGH), mean +/- SE 3.2 +/- 0.59
    p value for lean body mass change in group 3
    < 0.001 p value
    Group 3 (rhIGF-1 plus rhGH), lean body mass change at 6 weeks, reference comparison not specified

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Group 3 had the greatest changes in lean body mass (mean +/- SE, 3.2 +/- 0.59 kg; P < 0.001); only in this group were changes in body mass maintained at 12 weeks.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.

    In this study, IGF-1 (mecasermin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking IGF-1 (mecasermin).

  4. 18HumanNot a test of IGF-1 (mecasermin) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, only combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH maintained body mass changes at 12 weeks.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, only combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH maintained body mass changes at 12 weeks.

    Outcome
    IncreaseBody mass persistence at 12 weeks
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Body composition · Metabolic and weight

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Group 3 had the greatest changes in lean body mass (mean +/- SE, 3.2 +/- 0.59 kg; P < 0.001); only in this group were changes in body mass maintained at 12 weeks.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.

    In this study, IGF-1 (mecasermin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking IGF-1 (mecasermin).

  5. 19HumanNot a test of IGF-1 (mecasermin) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH did not improve knee muscular strength.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH did not improve knee muscular strength.

    Outcome
    No significant changeKnee muscular strength
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Musculoskeletal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only patients in group 1 had improvement in muscular strength of the knees and upper body (P = 0.04) and quality of life (P = 0.01).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily; group 2 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus placebo once daily; group 3 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily; and group 4 received placebo three times daily.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.

    In this study, IGF-1 (mecasermin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking IGF-1 (mecasermin).

  6. 20HumanNot a test of IGF-1 (mecasermin) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH did not improve upper-body muscular strength.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH did not improve upper-body muscular strength.

    Outcome
    No significant changeUpper-body muscular strength
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Exercise and physical function · Musculoskeletal

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only patients in group 1 had improvement in muscular strength of the knees and upper body (P = 0.04) and quality of life (P = 0.01).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily; group 2 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus placebo once daily; group 3 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily; and group 4 received placebo three times daily.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.

    In this study, IGF-1 (mecasermin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking IGF-1 (mecasermin).

  7. 21HumanNot a test of IGF-1 (mecasermin) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH did not improve quality of life.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH did not improve quality of life.

    Outcome
    No significant changeQuality of life
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Quality of life · Whole body

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Only patients in group 1 had improvement in muscular strength of the knees and upper body (P = 0.04) and quality of life (P = 0.01).
    3 context sentences
    Summary · context
    Group 1 received 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily plus placebo twice daily; group 2 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus placebo once daily; group 3 received 5 mg of rhIGF-1 twice daily plus 1.4 mg of rhGH once daily; and group 4 received placebo three times daily.
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.

    In this study, IGF-1 (mecasermin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking IGF-1 (mecasermin).

  8. 22HumanNot a test of IGF-1 (mecasermin) aloneRandomized controlled trialEfficacy outcome

    In patients with AIDS wasting, immune function did not improve in any group, including combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH.

    In plain wordsIn patients with AIDS wasting, immune function did not improve in any group, including combined rhIGF-1 and rhGH.

    Outcome
    No significant changeImmunologic function
    Study

    n = 15

    Outcome group
    Immune response · Immune and inflammation

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Immunologic function did not improve in any group.
    2 context sentences
    Summary · context
    60 patients with AIDS and wasting as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Summary · context
    Patients were divided into four groups of 15 patients each.

    In this study, IGF-1 (mecasermin) was a lab tool or a carrier, part of a mix, or the subject of a lab method. This result is not evidence about taking IGF-1 (mecasermin).

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 3Current

    27 Oct 2026, 16:37 UTC

    Study data updated · source update from Europe PMC

  2. Version 2

    14 Oct 2026, 05:02 UTC

    Study results updated

  3. Version 1

    14 Oct 2026, 01:46 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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