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Study · Measured the body's own peptide · 1996

4 results

Light perception in the vertebrate brain: an ultrastructural analysis of opsin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons in iguanid lizards.

Grace MS, Alones V, Menaker M, Foster RG

The Journal of comparative neurology1 Apr 1996Cited by 18 (Europe PMC)

PMID8731227 (opens in a new tab)DOI10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960415)367:4<575::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-1 (opens in a new tab)PepBankPUB-08731227
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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study4

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured4

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

  1. 01AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In iguanid lizards, cells in the same basal brain location and with the same morphology as opsin-immunoreactive cells were labeled with anti-VIP antisera.

    In plain wordsIn lizards, brain cells that carry a light-sensing protein also carried the body's own VIP.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    Not applicableVIP-like immunoreactivity in basal brain cells
    Study

    lizard (Anolis carolinensis, Iguana iguana)n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Cells in the same anatomical location and with the same morphology were labeled with anti-VIP antisera.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting bipolar neurons in the lizards Anolis carolinensis and Iguana iguana were immunolabeled with antisera generated against vertebrate retinal opsins and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  2. 02AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In iguanid lizards, the entire CSF-contacting cell, including the axonal process, showed opsin-like and VIP-like immunoreactivity.

    In plain wordsIn lizards, the body's own VIP was found throughout the whole brain cell, including its axon.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    Not applicableExtent of opsin-like and VIP-like immunoreactivity in the cell
    Study

    lizard (Anolis carolinensis, Iguana iguana)n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    The entire cell, including the axonal process, exhibited opsin-like and VIP-like immunoreactivity.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting bipolar neurons in the lizards Anolis carolinensis and Iguana iguana were immunolabeled with antisera generated against vertebrate retinal opsins and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  3. 03AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In iguanid lizards, CSF-contacting opsin- and VIP-immunoreactive cells lacked the membranous stacks of retinal photoreceptors but were ciliated and held many large electron-dense vesicles.

    In plain wordsIn lizards, the brain cells that carry the body's own VIP differ in structure from the light-sensing cells of the eye.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    Not applicableUltrastructure of opsin- and VIP-immunoreactive CSF-contacting cells
    Study

    lizard (Anolis carolinensis, Iguana iguana)n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    CSF-contacting opsin- and VIP-immunoreactive cells lacked the membranous stacks characteristic of retinal photoreceptors but were ciliated and contained numerous large electron-dense vesicles.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting bipolar neurons in the lizards Anolis carolinensis and Iguana iguana were immunolabeled with antisera generated against vertebrate retinal opsins and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

  4. 04AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Mechanism

    In iguanid lizards, many synaptic contacts were made on the soma and putative dendritic processes of opsin- and VIP-immunoreactive CSF-contacting neurons.

    In plain wordsIn lizards, many nerve connections were found on the brain cells that carry the body's own VIP.

    Peptide
    Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
    Outcome
    Not applicableSynaptic contacts on opsin- and VIP-immunoreactive neurons
    Study

    lizard (Anolis carolinensis, Iguana iguana)n: not reported in source

    Outcome group
    Endogenous peptide levels · Nervous system and cognition

    Source sentences

    Summary
    Multiple synaptic contacts were made on the soma and putative dendritic processes of opsin- and VIP-immunoreactive CSF-contacting neurons.
    1 context sentence
    Summary · context
    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting bipolar neurons in the lizards Anolis carolinensis and Iguana iguana were immunolabeled with antisera generated against vertebrate retinal opsins and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).

    This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.

AI wrote and checked these results. AI can make mistakes, so check important results against the source.

Version history

PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

  1. Version 2Current

    12 Oct 2026, 12:58 UTC

    Study results updated

  2. Version 1

    9 Oct 2026, 12:41 UTC

    First added · source update from Europe PMC

Subjects

Terms as the source lists them.

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