Alterations in hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity are associated with reproduction and prolactin release in the female turkey.

Mauro LJ, Elde RP, Youngren OM, Phillips RE, el Halawani ME

Endocrinology1 Oct 1989Cited by 64 (Europe PMC)

PMID2676472DOI10.1210/endo-125-4-1795PepBankPUB-02676472

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Summary

The text of this summary is not shown here, because the article license does not allow reuse. Read it at the source (opens in a new tab)

Text rights: Publisher copyright. Results still quote short attributed sentences.

Results from this study8

No result from this study comes from a test of the peptide.

Natural levels measured8

These results measure the body's own peptide. Nobody was given the peptide. They are not evidence about taking it. They are left out of key results, evidence counts and charts.

01AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other
In female turkeys, the number of VIP-immunoreactive cells in the infundibular nuclear complex increased during the reproductive cycle, in parallel with serum PRL.
In plain wordsIn female turkeys, the body's own VIP-containing brain cells increased in number during the breeding cycle, together with rising prolactin.
Peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
Outcome
IncreaseVIP-immunoreactive cell number in infundibular nucleus across the reproductive cycle
Study
turkeyn: not reported in source
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
Within the INF, the numbers of VIP-IR cells increased during the cycle, paralleling increases in serum PRL.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used indirect immunofluorescence to determine if changes in hypothalamic VIP are associated with the shifts in circulating PRL during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey.
This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0267647201
02AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other
In turkeys, inactive hens had essentially no VIP-immunoreactive cells in the infundibular nuclear complex, whereas incubating hens had 32.1 cells in the anterior and 59.6 cells in the posterior part.
In plain wordsIn turkeys, natural VIP-containing cells were almost absent in inactive hens but numerous in incubating hens.
Peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
Outcome
IncreaseVIP-immunoreactive cells in incubating versus inactive hens
Study
turkeyn: not reported in source
Comparator
Inactive nonphotostimulated hens
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Measurements
VIP-IR cells, anterior INF
32.1 cells/pair of adjacent sections
incubating hen
VIP-IR cells, posterior INF
59.6 cells/pair of adjacent sections
incubating hen
Source sentences
Summary
In the reproductively inactive, nonphotostimulated hen with low serum PRL, essentially no positive cells were noted, whereas the incubating hen exhibited 32.1 +/- 2.2 cells/pair of adjacent sections in the anterior INF and 59.6 +/- 2.0 cells in the posterior INF.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used indirect immunofluorescence to determine if changes in hypothalamic VIP are associated with the shifts in circulating PRL during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey.
This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0267647202
03AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other
In inactive turkey hens, a stimulatory photoperiod led to the appearance of VIP-immunoreactive cells in the infundibular nuclear complex.
In plain wordsIn turkeys, longer daylight made natural VIP-containing cells appear in the brain of inactive hens.
Peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
Outcome
IncreaseAppearance of VIP-immunoreactive cells after stimulatory photoperiod
Study
turkeyn: not reported in source
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
Exposure of inactive hens to a stimulatory photoperiod resulted in a 2.6-fold increase in serum PRL with the appearance of VIP-IR cells in the INF.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used indirect immunofluorescence to determine if changes in hypothalamic VIP are associated with the shifts in circulating PRL during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey.
This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0267647203
04AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other
In turkeys, VIP-immunoreactive cell numbers in the infundibular nuclear complex increased further during laying and incubation.
In plain wordsIn turkeys, the body's own VIP-containing cells in the brain increased further during egg laying and incubation.
Peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
Outcome
IncreaseVIP-immunoreactive cell number during laying and incubation
Study
turkeyn: not reported in source
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
During laying and incubation, further increases were observed in the number of positive cells in the INF
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used indirect immunofluorescence to determine if changes in hypothalamic VIP are associated with the shifts in circulating PRL during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey.
This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0267647204
05AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other
In turkeys, fiber density of VIP immunoreactivity in the median eminence was greater during laying and incubation.
In plain wordsIn turkeys, natural VIP-containing nerve fibers were denser in a brain region during egg laying and incubation.
Peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
Outcome
IncreaseVIP-immunoreactive fiber density in the median eminence
Study
turkeyn: not reported in source
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
During laying and incubation, further increases were observed in the number of positive cells in the INF and serum PRL as well as a greater fiber density in the median eminence.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used indirect immunofluorescence to determine if changes in hypothalamic VIP are associated with the shifts in circulating PRL during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey.
This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0267647205
06AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other
In incubating turkey hens deprived of nests for 2 days, VIP-immunoreactive cell numbers fell to 64% (anterior) and 46% (posterior) of day 0 levels.
In plain wordsIn turkeys, two days without a nest lowered the body's own VIP-containing brain cells, together with a fall in prolactin.
Peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
Outcome
DecreaseVIP-immunoreactive cells after 2 days of nest deprivation
Study
turkeyn: not reported in source
Comparator
Day 0 incubating hens
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Measurements
VIP-IR cell number, anterior INF
64 % of day 0
day 2 nest deprivation
VIP-IR cell number, posterior INF
46 % of day 0
day 2 nest deprivation
Source sentences
Summary
On day 2 of nest deprivation, serum PRL declined markedly to 12% of day 0 levels, with VIP-IR cell numbers at 64% and 46% in the anterior and posterior INF, respectively.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used indirect immunofluorescence to determine if changes in hypothalamic VIP are associated with the shifts in circulating PRL during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey.
This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0267647206
07AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other
In incubating turkey hens deprived of nests for 10 days, VIP-immunoreactive cell numbers in the infundibular nuclear complex averaged 20% of day 0 levels.
In plain wordsIn turkeys, ten days without a nest lowered the body's own VIP-containing brain cells to about a fifth of the starting number.
Peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
Outcome
DecreaseVIP-immunoreactive cells after 10 days of nest deprivation
Study
turkeyn: not reported in source
Comparator
Day 0 incubating hens
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Measurements
VIP-IR cell number, INF
20 % of day 0
day 10 nest deprivation
Source sentences
Summary
By day 10, birds exhibited cell numbers in the INF averaging 20% of those observed in the day 0 incubating hens, with serum PRL at 6% of day 0 levels.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used indirect immunofluorescence to determine if changes in hypothalamic VIP are associated with the shifts in circulating PRL during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey.
This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0267647207
08AnimalEndogenous levelAnimal study (in vivo)Other
In incubating turkey hens, most VIP immunoreactivity was in neurons of the infundibular nuclear complex and in fibers in the external layer of the median eminence.
In plain wordsIn incubating turkeys, the body's own VIP was found mostly in brain cells of one region and in nerve fibers of a nearby area.
Peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)
Outcome
Not applicableLocation of VIP immunoreactivity in incubating hen hypothalamus
Study
turkeyn: not reported in source
Outcome group
Sex hormones and fertility · Reproductive and sexual health
Source sentences
Summary
In the naturally hyperprolactinemic incubating hen, the majority of VIP immunoreactivity (VIP-IR) existed within neurons of the infundibular nuclear complex (INF) and fibers in the external layer of the median eminence.
1 context sentence(design, population, supporting numbers)
Summary · context
We used indirect immunofluorescence to determine if changes in hypothalamic VIP are associated with the shifts in circulating PRL during the reproductive cycle of the domestic turkey.
This result measures the body's own Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil). Nobody was given the peptide. It is not evidence about taking it.
Report a problemFND-0267647208

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PepBank keeps every version of the data on this study. Status changes from Retraction Watch, Europe PMC and Crossref are listed with their source.

Version 2Current
12 Oct 2026, 12:58 UTC
Study results updated
Version 1
9 Oct 2026, 12:41 UTC
First added · source update from Europe PMC

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