# PepBank > PepBank is an open, academic-grade database of peptide research. Each finding links to the sentence in the paper that supports it, and carries an evidence class (human, animal, laboratory or predicted). It serves people who use peptides and researchers who design them. Information, not medical advice. Data release seq 308560: 165 peptides and 13 other compounds, 89,132 stored papers, 97,577 study results from 17,383 studies, 8,473 registered trials. 71,552 results from studies that tested the peptide. 26,025 more results are listed separately: 4,742 measured the body's own levels, and 21,283 come from studies that did not test the peptide alone. Most stored papers have no study results. An empty result is not evidence that nothing exists. ## Rules for any answer that uses this data - Always give the evidence class of a finding. Say when a peptide has no human evidence. - A finding with claim.peptide_role "endogenous_level" measures the body's own peptide. A finding with role "other" comes from a study where the peptide was a tool, a carrier, part of a combination, or the subject of a method. Neither is evidence about taking the peptide. - A paper with status retracted is never evidence. Say that it was retracted. - Labels: "auto_checked" means code checks and an independent model review passed; no person has reviewed it. Only "human_verified" findings were compared with the paper by a person. - A dose in a finding is a studied dose (with species and route), never advice. For a dose question, give the studied doses and, through the MCP server, the community-reported doses, apart. Never give a personal dose. - Cite the PMID or DOI of each source and the data_seq of the answer. - Never write that a peptide is "approved" without saying where. Regulatory status is per jurisdiction and dated. - Scope policy (oxytocin_childbirth_v1): 11,868 stored papers are out of scope by policy for Oxytocin (childbirth-related papers). PepBank does not read them for results, so they do not count as waiting to be read, and no finding from them is in any answer. This is a policy, not an error. ## Interfaces - [REST API reference](https://pepbank.io/v1/docs): Scalar reference for /v1. - [OpenAPI 3.1 file](https://pepbank.io/v1/openapi.json): every operation, parameter and error. - [Hosted MCP server](https://pepbank.io/mcp): Streamable HTTP, 15 tools (resolve_peptide, get_peptide_brief, get_community_practice, search_findings, search_publications, search_trials, compare_peptides and more). - [Developer guide](https://pepbank.io/developers): quickstart for REST and MCP, the main endpoints, a prompt for agents, limits. - Start with GET https://pepbank.io/v1/resolve?name=, then GET https://pepbank.io/v1/briefs/. For evidence about taking a peptide: GET https://pepbank.io/v1/findings?peptide=&peptide_role=administered ## Method and trust - [Methods](https://pepbank.io/methods): where the data comes from, how a result is made and checked, the kinds of evidence, retracted studies. - [About](https://pepbank.io/about): who runs PepBank, how to report errors, licenses. - [Open data](https://pepbank.io/open-data): the data license (CC BY 4.0) and how to get the data through the API. - [Changelog](https://pepbank.io/changelog): what exists, and data changes from the change feed. ## Peptides, blends and other compounds (147 peptides, 6 blends and 13 other compounds featured) small_molecule records are not peptides. Chemical identifiers are in profile.structure_extra. - [5-amino-1MQ](https://pepbank.io/p/5-amino-1mq): Not a peptide. Small molecule (a quinolinium salt) that blocks the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). It has been tested only in cells, mice and rats. No regulator has approved it and no registered hum… (21 study results where the compound was given, 7 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Abaloparatide (Tymlos)](https://pepbank.io/p/abaloparatide): A synthetic PTH-related peptide analog approved for osteoporosis in selected patients. (878 study results where the peptide was given, 405 papers, 21 registered trials) - [ACE-031 (ramatercept)](https://pepbank.io/p/ace-031): A dimeric activin receptor IIB–Fc fusion protein developed as a muscle growth ligand trap. Its clinical program stopped after vascular safety concerns. (34 study results where the peptide was given, 12 papers, 4 registered trials) - [Acetyl tetrapeptide-5](https://pepbank.io/p/acetyl-tetrapeptide-5): A cosmetic tetrapeptide used in eye products marketed for puffiness. (1 study result where the peptide was given, 1 paper, 0 registered trials) - [ACTH (corticotropin)](https://pepbank.io/p/corticotropin): Corticotropin acts through the ACTH receptor to stimulate the adrenal cortex. (181 study results where the peptide was given, 624 papers, 102 registered trials) - [Adamax](https://pepbank.io/p/adamax): Semax-related research product name with conflicting chemical identity descriptions. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 0 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Adipotide](https://pepbank.io/p/adipotide): Fat-targeted proapoptotic peptide conjugate with a D-amino-acid cell-killing segment. (5 study results where the peptide was given, 4 papers, 1 registered trial) - [AHK-Cu (Ala-His-Lys copper complex)](https://pepbank.io/p/ahk-cu): A copper complex of Ala-His-Lys discussed for topical hair and skin use. (6 study results where the peptide was given, 1 paper, 0 registered trials) - [AICAR (acadesine)](https://pepbank.io/p/aicar): Not a peptide. A purine nucleoside analogue that activates AMPK, also called acadesine. It was tested in heart surgery and leukemia trials. (1,442 study results where the compound was given, 407 papers, 3 registered trials) - [Amycretin](https://pepbank.io/p/amycretin): A GLP-1 and amylin receptor co-agonist studied for obesity and type 2 diabetes. (30 study results where the peptide was given, 24 papers, 31 registered trials) - [AOD-9604](https://pepbank.io/p/aod-9604): Synthetic 16-residue peptide: human growth hormone residues 177-191 with an added N-terminal tyrosine. Not an approved medicine in the US or EU. (44 study results where the peptide was given, 28 papers, 3 registered trials) - [Apraglutide](https://pepbank.io/p/apraglutide): A long-acting GLP-2 analog studied for short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure. (110 study results where the peptide was given, 26 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Argireline (acetyl hexapeptide-8)](https://pepbank.io/p/argireline): An acetylated hexapeptide used in topical cosmetics for expression lines. (77 study results where the peptide was given, 49 papers, 3 registered trials) - [B7-33 (single-chain relaxin-2 analog)](https://pepbank.io/p/b7-33): A single-chain relaxin-2 analog studied in preclinical fibrosis and repair models. (31 study results where the peptide was given, 12 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Balixafortide](https://pepbank.io/p/balixafortide): A cyclic CXCR4 antagonist studied in stem-cell mobilization and cancer. (20 study results where the peptide was given, 19 papers, 8 registered trials) - [BPC-157](https://pepbank.io/p/bpc-157): Synthetic 15-residue peptide based on a gastric juice protein. Not approved by FDA or EMA. WADA lists it under non-approved substances. (987 study results where the peptide was given, 237 papers, 3 registered trials) - [Bremelanotide (PT-141)](https://pepbank.io/p/pt-141): Cyclic melanocortin receptor agonist peptide. FDA-approved in 2019 as Vyleesi for acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. (128 study results where the peptide was given, 110 papers, 10 registered trials) - [Brilacidin](https://pepbank.io/p/brilacidin): Not a peptide. A non-peptide defensin mimetic studied for antimicrobial and inflammatory indications. (72 study results where the compound was given, 29 papers, 5 registered trials) - [Bromantane](https://pepbank.io/p/bromantane): Not a peptide. An adamantane derivative used in Russia as Ladasten for asthenic conditions. WADA prohibits bromantan in competition. (284 study results where the compound was given, 68 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Bronchogen (AEDL)](https://pepbank.io/p/bronchogen): Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (23 study results where the peptide was given, 15 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Cagrilintide](https://pepbank.io/p/cagrilintide): Investigational lipidated amylin analogue that activates amylin and calcitonin receptors. In phase 3 trials alone and with semaglutide (CagriSema); not approved. (130 study results where the peptide was given, 128 papers, 53 registered trials) - [CagriSema](https://pepbank.io/p/cagrisema): Novo Nordisk's investigational fixed combination of cagrilintide and semaglutide. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 0 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Calcitonin-salmon](https://pepbank.io/p/calcitonin-salmon): Calcitonin-salmon has the 32-residue sequence of salmon calcitonin. (661 study results where the peptide was given, 1,643 papers, 18 registered trials) - [Cardiogen (AEDR)](https://pepbank.io/p/cardiogen): Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg tetrapeptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (13 study results where the peptide was given, 6 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Cartalax](https://pepbank.io/p/cartalax): Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp tripeptide associated with cartilage bioregulator research. (6 study results where the peptide was given, 4 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Cerebrolysin](https://pepbank.io/p/cerebrolysin): Porcine brain peptide and amino-acid mixture used as a prescription neurological product in some countries. (1,781 study results where the peptide was given, 651 papers, 41 registered trials) - [Cetrorelix](https://pepbank.io/p/cetrorelix): Cetrorelix is a ten-residue GnRH receptor antagonist. (486 study results where the peptide was given, 523 papers, 95 registered trials) - [Chonluten (EDG)](https://pepbank.io/p/chonluten): Synthetic Glu-Asp-Gly peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (1 study result where the peptide was given, 2 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Cibinetide (ARA-290)](https://pepbank.io/p/ara-290): Eleven-residue peptide designed from erythropoietin that activates the innate repair receptor without stimulating red-cell production. (366 study results where the peptide was given, 99 papers, 4 registered trials) - [CJC-1295 (with DAC)](https://pepbank.io/p/cjc-1295): Long-acting synthetic analogue of human growth hormone-releasing hormone that binds blood albumin. It is not an approved medicine. (43 study results where the peptide was given, 36 papers, 1 registered trial) - [CJC-1295 + ipamorelin](https://pepbank.io/p/cjc-1295-ipamorelin): A community blend of CJC-1295 without DAC and ipamorelin. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 0 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Colivelin](https://pepbank.io/p/colivelin): A synthetic humanin-derived hybrid peptide studied in neuroprotection models. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 195 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Cortagen (AEDP)](https://pepbank.io/p/cortagen): Synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (18 study results where the peptide was given, 15 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Cortexin (cortical polypeptide complex)](https://pepbank.io/p/cortexin): A Russian prescription product containing an animal cerebral cortex polypeptide complex. (252 study results where the peptide was given, 168 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Cosyntropin](https://pepbank.io/p/cosyntropin): Cosyntropin, or tetracosactide, matches the first 24 residues of ACTH. (97 study results where the peptide was given, 992 papers, 27 registered trials) - [Crystagen (EDP)](https://pepbank.io/p/crystagen): Synthetic Glu-Asp-Pro peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 2 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Dasiglucagon](https://pepbank.io/p/dasiglucagon): Dasiglucagon is a 29-residue glucagon analog for severe hypoglycemia. (97 study results where the peptide was given, 24 papers, 21 registered trials) - [Davunetide](https://pepbank.io/p/davunetide): An ADNP-derived octapeptide studied for neuroprotection and neurodevelopmental disorders. (297 study results where the peptide was given, 178 papers, 5 registered trials) - [Degarelix](https://pepbank.io/p/degarelix): Degarelix is a synthetic ten-residue GnRH receptor antagonist. (329 study results where the peptide was given, 289 papers, 148 registered trials) - [Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP)](https://pepbank.io/p/dsip): Nonapeptide (Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu) characterized from rabbit blood in 1977. Mechanism unknown. A product with synthetic DSIP (Deltaran) is registered in Russia; not approved by FDA or… (877 study results where the peptide was given, 462 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Dermorphin](https://pepbank.io/p/dermorphin): A frog-derived opioid heptapeptide studied for analgesia and opioid pharmacology. (307 study results where the peptide was given, 144 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Desmopressin](https://pepbank.io/p/desmopressin): Desmopressin is a deamino-D-arginine analog of vasopressin. (695 study results where the peptide was given, 1,099 papers, 102 registered trials) - [Difelikefalin](https://pepbank.io/p/difelikefalin): Difelikefalin is a synthetic peptide kappa opioid receptor agonist. (272 study results where the peptide was given, 71 papers, 28 registered trials) - [Dihexa](https://pepbank.io/p/dihexa): Peptidomimetic identified as Dihexa, PNB-0408 and ATH-1001 in the FDA substance registry. (15 study results where the peptide was given, 18 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Dulaglutide (Trulicity)](https://pepbank.io/p/dulaglutide): A GLP-1 analog fused to an IgG4 Fc region, approved for type 2 diabetes and specified cardiovascular risk reduction. (1,919 study results where the peptide was given, 720 papers, 124 registered trials) - [Efpeglenatide](https://pepbank.io/p/efpeglenatide): An exendin-based GLP-1 receptor agonist linked to an immunoglobulin Fc carrier. (91 study results where the peptide was given, 41 papers, 2 registered trials) - [Elamipretide (SS-31)](https://pepbank.io/p/elamipretide): Synthetic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin. FDA granted accelerated approval (Forzinity, 2025) to improve muscle strength in Barth syndrome. (1,784 study results where the peptide was given, 558 papers, 30 registered trials) - [Enclomiphene](https://pepbank.io/p/enclomiphene): Not a peptide. The E isomer of clomiphene and an estrogen receptor modulator studied for male hypogonadism. FDA did not approve it. EMA refused EnCyzix. (153 study results where the compound was given, 80 papers, 25 registered trials) - [Enlicitide](https://pepbank.io/p/enlicitide): An oral macrocyclic peptide PCSK9 inhibitor used to lower LDL cholesterol. (33 study results where the peptide was given, 47 papers, 34 registered trials) - [Epitalon](https://pepbank.io/p/epitalon): Synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) designed from the amino acid composition of epithalamin, a pineal gland extract. Not an approved medicine. (290 study results where the peptide was given, 160 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Exenatide (exendin-4)](https://pepbank.io/p/exenatide): A synthetic version of the natural exendin-4 peptide, used in approved type 2 diabetes medicines. (3,292 study results where the peptide was given, 1,434 papers, 322 registered trials) - [Follistatin-344](https://pepbank.io/p/follistatin-344): 344-residue follistatin precursor associated with activin and myostatin inhibition. (4 study results where the peptide was given, 3 papers, 0 registered trials) - [FOXO4-DRI](https://pepbank.io/p/foxo4-dri): FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic 46-residue peptide built from D-amino acids. It blocks the binding of FOXO4 to p53 and kills senescent cells in cell and mouse studies. It is not an approved medicine. (39 study results where the peptide was given, 19 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Ganirelix](https://pepbank.io/p/ganirelix): Ganirelix is a ten-residue GnRH receptor antagonist. (344 study results where the peptide was given, 167 papers, 59 registered trials) - [GB-115](https://pepbank.io/p/gb-115): A modified dipeptide studied as an anxiolytic through the cholecystokinin pathway. (91 study results where the peptide was given, 25 papers, 2 registered trials) - [Gepon](https://pepbank.io/p/gepon): An ezrin-derived peptide used as a registered topical medicine in Russia. (52 study results where the peptide was given, 18 papers, 0 registered trials) - [GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)](https://pepbank.io/p/ghk): Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys found in human plasma. Binds copper(II) to form GHK-Cu. GSRS name: prezatide. (43 study results where the peptide was given, 31 papers, 0 registered trials) - [GHK-Cu](https://pepbank.io/p/ghk-cu): Copper(II) complex of the tripeptide Gly-His-Lys. Used as a cosmetic ingredient (copper tripeptide-1); not an FDA- or EMA-approved drug. (226 study results where the peptide was given, 125 papers, 1 registered trial) - [GHRP-2](https://pepbank.io/p/ghrp-2): Synthetic hexapeptide that activates the ghrelin receptor and releases growth hormone. In Japan it is approved only as a one-time diagnostic injection for growth hormone deficiency (pralmorelin). It… (632 study results where the peptide was given, 264 papers, 0 registered trials) - [GHRP-6](https://pepbank.io/p/ghrp-6): Synthetic hexapeptide that activates the ghrelin receptor and releases growth hormone. It is not an approved medicine. (942 study results where the peptide was given, 571 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Glepaglutide](https://pepbank.io/p/glepaglutide): A long-acting GLP-2 analog studied for short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure. (86 study results where the peptide was given, 28 papers, 11 registered trials) - [GLOW](https://pepbank.io/p/glow): A community blend of BPC-157, TB-500 and GHK-Cu. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 0 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Glucagon](https://pepbank.io/p/glucagon): This existing record covers the 29-residue human glucagon sequence and its medicinal formulations. (627 study results where the peptide was given, 614 papers, 218 registered trials) - [Glutathione](https://pepbank.io/p/glutathione): Natural gamma-glutamyl tripeptide and antioxidant, used in supplements and nationally approved medicines. (274 study results where the peptide was given, 367 papers, 72 registered trials) - [Gonadorelin (GnRH, LHRH)](https://pepbank.io/p/gonadorelin): Gonadorelin is the drug form of the natural 10-residue hormone GnRH (LHRH), which tells the pituitary to release LH and FSH. It is approved as a diagnostic test in some countries, and its US human pr… (115 study results where the peptide was given, 91 papers, 14 registered trials) - [Goserelin](https://pepbank.io/p/goserelin): Goserelin is a GnRH agonist analog with D-Ser(O-tert-butyl) at position 6 and azaglycinamide at position 10. (583 study results where the peptide was given, 1,014 papers, 309 registered trials) - [hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)](https://pepbank.io/p/hcg): Two-subunit glycoprotein hormone with approved gonadotropin medicines and male reproductive treatment uses. (95 study results where the peptide was given, 1,001 papers, 123 registered trials) - [Hexapeptide-9](https://pepbank.io/p/hexapeptide-9): A collagen-mimetic cosmetic peptide used in products marketed for wrinkles. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 4 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Hexarelin](https://pepbank.io/p/hexarelin): Synthetic hexapeptide that activates the ghrelin receptor and releases growth hormone; it is a GHRP-6 analog. It is not an approved medicine. (1,112 study results where the peptide was given, 294 papers, 0 registered trials) - [HGH (somatotropin)](https://pepbank.io/p/somatotropin): Somatropin is recombinant human growth hormone with the mature 191-residue human sequence. (1,108 study results where the peptide was given, 2,837 papers, 358 registered trials) - [HGH fragment 176-191](https://pepbank.io/p/hgh-fragment-176-191): C-terminal human growth hormone fragment, distinct from the Tyr-modified AOD-9604 analogue. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 1 paper, 0 registered trials) - [Histrelin](https://pepbank.io/p/histrelin): Histrelin is a nine-residue GnRH agonist analog. (246 study results where the peptide was given, 88 papers, 11 registered trials) - [Humanin](https://pepbank.io/p/humanin): Humanin is a 24-residue peptide made from a short reading frame inside the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. In laboratory studies it protects cells from stress and death signals. It is not an approved me… (1,067 study results where the peptide was given, 535 papers, 0 registered trials) - [IGF-1 (mecasermin)](https://pepbank.io/p/igf-1): Native 70-residue insulin-like growth factor 1, with recombinant mecasermin approved for specific childhood growth disorders. (415 study results where the peptide was given, 583 papers, 52 registered trials) - [IGF-1 DES (des(1-3)IGF-I)](https://pepbank.io/p/igf-1-des): The 67-residue IGF-1 fragment that lacks the first three residues of mature IGF-1. It is distinct from LR3 and MGF. (335 study results where the peptide was given, 217 papers, 0 registered trials) - [IGF-1 LR3](https://pepbank.io/p/igf-1-lr3): An engineered 83-residue analogue of human IGF-I that binds IGF-binding proteins weakly and activates the IGF-1 receptor. It is a protein, it is not an approved medicine, and no human trials are regi… (411 study results where the peptide was given, 184 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Ipamorelin](https://pepbank.io/p/ipamorelin): Synthetic pentapeptide that activates the ghrelin receptor and releases growth hormone in laboratory animals. It is not an approved medicine. (110 study results where the peptide was given, 53 papers, 2 registered trials) - [Kisspeptin-10](https://pepbank.io/p/kisspeptin-10): C-terminal decapeptide of human kisspeptin (KISS1 112-121) that activates the kisspeptin receptor KISS1R. Used in research; not an approved medicine. (1,457 study results where the peptide was given, 420 papers, 17 registered trials) - [Kisspeptin-54 (metastin)](https://pepbank.io/p/kisspeptin-54): 54-residue C-terminally amidated peptide from the KISS1 precursor; endogenous ligand of KISS1R. Studied in reproductive endocrinology; not an approved medicine. (281 study results where the peptide was given, 113 papers, 1 registered trial) - [KLOW](https://pepbank.io/p/klow): A community-used blend of BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu and KPV. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 0 papers, 0 registered trials) - [KPV](https://pepbank.io/p/kpv): Synthetic tripeptide Lys-Pro-Val, the C-terminal residues 11-13 of alpha-MSH. Studied in cell and animal models of inflammation; not approved as a drug. (124 study results where the peptide was given, 94 papers, 0 registered trials) - [L-carnosine](https://pepbank.io/p/l-carnosine): A beta-alanine–histidine dipeptide used in supplements and topical cosmetics. (1,203 study results where the peptide was given, 274 papers, 2 registered trials) - [Lanreotide](https://pepbank.io/p/lanreotide): Lanreotide is a cyclic eight-residue somatostatin analog. (585 study results where the peptide was given, 908 papers, 85 registered trials) - [Larazotide](https://pepbank.io/p/larazotide): An investigational octapeptide studied for intestinal barrier regulation and celiac disease. (91 study results where the peptide was given, 53 papers, 10 registered trials) - [Leuprolide](https://pepbank.io/p/leuprolide): Leuprolide, also called leuprorelin, is a nine-residue GnRH agonist analog. (707 study results where the peptide was given, 1,829 papers, 393 registered trials) - [Linaclotide](https://pepbank.io/p/linaclotide): Linaclotide is a 14-residue peptide with three disulfide bridges. (389 study results where the peptide was given, 251 papers, 52 registered trials) - [Liraglutide](https://pepbank.io/p/liraglutide): Acylated GLP-1 analogue given by injection. Approved in the US and EU for type 2 diabetes and weight management; US generic versions exist. (4,766 study results where the peptide was given, 6,256 papers, 469 registered trials) - [Livagen (KEDA)](https://pepbank.io/p/livagen): Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (27 study results where the peptide was given, 19 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Lixisenatide](https://pepbank.io/p/lixisenatide): Lixisenatide is a 44-residue peptide agonist of the GLP-1 receptor. (768 study results where the peptide was given, 428 papers, 67 registered trials) - [LL-37](https://pepbank.io/p/ll-37): Human antimicrobial peptide (37 residues) cut from the cathelicidin precursor hCAP18. Tested as a topical drug (ropocamptide) in leg ulcer trials; not approved. (190 study results where the peptide was given, 3,181 papers, 2 registered trials) - [LTX-315](https://pepbank.io/p/ltx-315): An oncolytic peptide studied by direct injection into tumors. (142 study results where the peptide was given, 61 papers, 7 registered trials) - [Matrixyl (palmitoyl pentapeptide-4)](https://pepbank.io/p/matrixyl): Original Matrixyl is the palmitoylated KTTKS peptide used in cosmetics. (26 study results where the peptide was given, 35 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Mazdutide](https://pepbank.io/p/mazdutide): Once-weekly injectable GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist peptide. Approved in China in 2025 for weight management and type 2 diabetes. (186 study results where the peptide was given, 61 papers, 45 registered trials) - [Melanotan I (afamelanotide)](https://pepbank.io/p/melanotan-i): Linear 13-residue analog of alpha-MSH that activates melanocortin receptors. It is an approved medicine only as the Scenesse implant, for adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP); it is not ap… (667 study results where the peptide was given, 499 papers, 23 registered trials) - [Melanotan II](https://pepbank.io/p/melanotan-ii): Synthetic cyclic analog of alpha-MSH that activates several melanocortin receptors. Not approved by FDA or EMA; FDA cites serious adverse event case reports. (914 study results where the peptide was given, 393 papers, 1 registered trial) - [Methylene blue](https://pepbank.io/p/methylene-blue): Not a peptide. Old blue phenothiazine dye and small-molecule drug. As the injection ProvayBlue it is approved for acquired methemoglobinemia, with a boxed warning for serotonin syndrome. Online communities also tak… (222 study results where the compound was given, 1,435 papers, 143 registered trials) - [MGF / PEG-MGF](https://pepbank.io/p/mgf): MGF (mechano growth factor) is the name of a splice form of IGF-1, and sellers use it for a 24-residue peptide copied from the end of that form; PEG-MGF is the same peptide with a polyethylene glycol… (330 study results where the peptide was given, 311 papers, 0 registered trials) - [MIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2)](https://pepbank.io/p/mif-1): A naturally derived tripeptide also called melanostatin I, distinct from the macrophage MIF protein. (317 study results where the peptide was given, 144 papers, 0 registered trials) - [MK-677 (ibutamoren)](https://pepbank.io/p/mk-677): Not a peptide. Oral small molecule that activates the ghrelin receptor and raises growth hormone and IGF-1. Merck made it in the 1990s. FDA and EMA have not approved it as a medicine. As LUM-201 it is in a phase 3… (411 study results where the compound was given, 141 papers, 14 registered trials) - [Mod GRF (1-29) (CJC-1295 without DAC)](https://pepbank.io/p/mod-grf-1-29): Synthetic 29-residue GHRH analogue without the DAC group. No FDA or EMA approval was found for this substance. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 2 papers, 0 registered trials) - [MOTS-c](https://pepbank.io/p/mots-c): 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, studied for effects on metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Not an approved medicine. (697 study results where the peptide was given, 281 papers, 1 registered trial) - [Murepavadin](https://pepbank.io/p/murepavadin): A cyclic peptidomimetic antibiotic studied against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (62 study results where the peptide was given, 44 papers, 9 registered trials) - [NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)](https://pepbank.io/p/nad-plus): Not a peptide. A coenzyme found in every cell, made of two linked nucleotides. It is a small molecule, not a protein. People in the longevity community take it as IV infusions, injections under the skin or into mus… (338 study results where the compound was given, 124 papers, 16 registered trials) - [Nafarelin](https://pepbank.io/p/nafarelin): Nafarelin is a ten-residue GnRH agonist analog containing D-2-naphthylalanine at position 6. (549 study results where the peptide was given, 224 papers, 10 registered trials) - [Nangibotide](https://pepbank.io/p/nangibotide): A twelve-residue TREM-1 pathway modulator studied in inflammatory disorders. (140 study results where the peptide was given, 40 papers, 1 registered trial) - [NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide)](https://pepbank.io/p/nmn): Not a peptide. A nucleotide precursor of NAD+, taken as an oral or sublingual supplement and tested in small human trials. (1,513 study results where the compound was given, 303 papers, 19 registered trials) - [NNZ-2591](https://pepbank.io/p/nnz-2591): A cyclic dipeptide analog studied in neurodevelopmental disorders. (23 study results where the peptide was given, 10 papers, 7 registered trials) - [Nonapeptide-1](https://pepbank.io/p/nonapeptide-1): A cosmetic nonapeptide used in products marketed for uneven pigmentation. (8 study results where the peptide was given, 6 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Noopept (omberacetam)](https://pepbank.io/p/noopept): Not a peptide. A defined dipeptide-derived small molecule, also called omberacetam or GVS-111. Russia registers Noopept tablets as a nootropic drug. (316 study results where the compound was given, 109 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Octreotide](https://pepbank.io/p/octreotide): Octreotide is a cyclic eight-residue somatostatin analog. (816 study results where the peptide was given, 2,449 papers, 256 registered trials) - [Orforglipron](https://pepbank.io/p/orforglipron): Not a peptide. Oral small molecule that activates the GLP-1 receptor. Eli Lilly sells the tablet as Foundayo. FDA approved it on 2026-04-01 for weight management in adults. The UK authorised it on 2026-08-10 for we… (340 study results where the compound was given, 150 papers, 53 registered trials) - [Ovagen (EDL)](https://pepbank.io/p/ovagen): Synthetic Glu-Asp-Leu peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (14 study results where the peptide was given, 9 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Oxytocin](https://pepbank.io/p/oxytocin): Nine-residue posterior pituitary peptide hormone with a disulfide ring. FDA-approved (Pitocin and generics) to induce or strengthen labor and control postpartum bleeding. (3,492 study results where the peptide was given, 30,420 papers, 690 registered trials) - [Palmitoyl hexapeptide-12](https://pepbank.io/p/palmitoyl-hexapeptide-12): A palmitoylated cosmetic peptide used as a skin-conditioning ingredient. (6 study results where the peptide was given, 2 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Palmitoyl tetrapeptide-7](https://pepbank.io/p/palmitoyl-tetrapeptide-7): A palmitoylated GQPR peptide used in skin-conditioning cosmetics. (2 study results where the peptide was given, 7 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Palmitoyl tripeptide-1](https://pepbank.io/p/palmitoyl-tripeptide-1): A palmitoylated GHK peptide used in skin-conditioning cosmetics. (3 study results where the peptide was given, 7 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Palmitoyl tripeptide-38](https://pepbank.io/p/palmitoyl-tripeptide-38): A palmitoylated cosmetic tripeptide used in products marketed for wrinkles. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 4 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Palopegteriparatide](https://pepbank.io/p/palopegteriparatide): Palopegteriparatide is a prodrug that releases PTH(1-34), or teriparatide. (210 study results where the peptide was given, 37 papers, 10 registered trials) - [Pancragen (KEDW)](https://pepbank.io/p/pancragen): Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp amide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (35 study results where the peptide was given, 12 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Pasireotide](https://pepbank.io/p/pasireotide): Pasireotide is a cyclic six-residue somatostatin analog. (517 study results where the peptide was given, 484 papers, 76 registered trials) - [PE 22-28](https://pepbank.io/p/pe-22-28): A synthetic 7-residue peptide (GVSWGLR), the C-terminal end of spadin, that blocks the TREK-1 potassium channel and shows antidepressant-like effects in mice. It is not an approved medicine. (13 study results where the peptide was given, 4 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Pegvisomant](https://pepbank.io/p/pegvisomant): Pegvisomant is a PEG-conjugated growth hormone analog that antagonizes growth hormone receptors. (299 study results where the peptide was given, 419 papers, 37 registered trials) - [Pemvidutide](https://pepbank.io/p/pemvidutide): A GLP-1 and glucagon receptor co-agonist studied for metabolic and liver disorders. (43 study results where the peptide was given, 17 papers, 8 registered trials) - [Pentapeptide-18](https://pepbank.io/p/pentapeptide-18): A cosmetic pentapeptide used in serums marketed for expression lines. (3 study results where the peptide was given, 7 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Petrelintide](https://pepbank.io/p/petrelintide): A long-acting amylin analog studied for weight management. (22 study results where the peptide was given, 8 papers, 12 registered trials) - [Pinealon](https://pepbank.io/p/pinealon): Synthetic Glu-Asp-Arg tripeptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (36 study results where the peptide was given, 31 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Plecanatide](https://pepbank.io/p/plecanatide): Plecanatide is a 16-residue uroguanylin analog with two disulfide bridges. (178 study results where the peptide was given, 48 papers, 14 registered trials) - [PN-943](https://pepbank.io/p/pn-943): An oral, gut-restricted integrin antagonist studied for ulcerative colitis. (13 study results where the peptide was given, 3 papers, 1 registered trial) - [PNC-27](https://pepbank.io/p/pnc-27): A 32-residue research conjugate of a p53 segment and a membrane-penetrating sequence. (41 study results where the peptide was given, 25 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Pramlintide (Symlin)](https://pepbank.io/p/pramlintide): An amylin analog approved as an adjunct to mealtime insulin for selected patients with diabetes. (595 study results where the peptide was given, 457 papers, 59 registered trials) - [Prostamax (KEDP)](https://pepbank.io/p/prostamax): Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (9 study results where the peptide was given, 5 papers, 0 registered trials) - [PTH 1-84 (parathyroid hormone)](https://pepbank.io/p/parathyroid-hormone): This record covers intact human PTH(1-84), including the historical recombinant Natpara/Natpar product. (418 study results where the peptide was given, 279 papers, 31 registered trials) - [Retatrutide](https://pepbank.io/p/retatrutide): Investigational lipidated peptide that activates GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. In phase 3 trials for obesity; not approved in the US or EU. (380 study results where the peptide was given, 214 papers, 34 registered trials) - [Rusfertide](https://pepbank.io/p/rusfertide): A hepcidin mimetic used for erythrocytosis in adults with polycythemia vera. (78 study results where the peptide was given, 17 papers, 10 registered trials) - [Selank](https://pepbank.io/p/selank): Synthetic heptapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro) built on tuftsin. Registered in Russia as anxiolytic nasal drops; not approved by FDA or EMA. (221 study results where the peptide was given, 73 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Selepressin](https://pepbank.io/p/selepressin): A selective vasopressin V1A receptor agonist studied for septic shock. (63 study results where the peptide was given, 34 papers, 3 registered trials) - [Semaglutide](https://pepbank.io/p/semaglutide): Lipidated GLP-1 analogue given by injection or as tablets. Approved in the US and EU for type 2 diabetes, weight management and related risk reduction. (4,624 study results where the peptide was given, 6,242 papers, 663 registered trials) - [Semax](https://pepbank.io/p/semax): Synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro) built from ACTH(4-7). Registered as nasal drops in Russia; not approved by FDA or EMA. (436 study results where the peptide was given, 214 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Sermorelin](https://pepbank.io/p/sermorelin): Synthetic 1-29 fragment of human growth hormone-releasing hormone. Approved in the United States in 1990 and 1997; both products were discontinued. (304 study results where the peptide was given, 282 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Setmelanotide](https://pepbank.io/p/setmelanotide): Setmelanotide is a cyclic eight-residue melanocortin-4 receptor agonist. (332 study results where the peptide was given, 132 papers, 25 registered trials) - [SLU-PP-332](https://pepbank.io/p/slu-pp-332): Not a peptide. Small molecule (not a peptide) that switches on all three estrogen-related receptors, ERR alpha, beta and gamma, most strongly alpha. Researchers call it an exercise mimetic. It has been studied only… (42 study results where the compound was given, 12 papers, 0 registered trials) - [SNAP-8 (acetyl octapeptide-3)](https://pepbank.io/p/snap-8): An acetylated octapeptide used in topical cosmetics for expression lines. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 2 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Somapacitan](https://pepbank.io/p/somapacitan): Somapacitan is a 191-residue growth hormone analog with an albumin-binding side chain at Cys101. (320 study results where the peptide was given, 64 papers, 21 registered trials) - [Survodutide](https://pepbank.io/p/survodutide): Investigational lipidated glucagon analogue that activates glucagon and GLP-1 receptors. In phase 3 trials for obesity and MASH; not approved. (172 study results where the peptide was given, 101 papers, 35 registered trials) - [SYN-AKE](https://pepbank.io/p/syn-ake): A synthetic cosmetic peptide mimic used in products marketed for expression lines. (8 study results where the peptide was given, 3 papers, 0 registered trials) - [TB-500](https://pepbank.io/p/tb-500): Synthetic N-acetylated 7-residue fragment (17-23) of thymosin beta-4. Not approved by FDA or EMA; prohibited in sport by WADA. (36 study results where the peptide was given, 25 papers, 1 registered trial) - [Teduglutide](https://pepbank.io/p/teduglutide): Teduglutide is a 33-residue GLP-2 analog. (362 study results where the peptide was given, 256 papers, 46 registered trials) - [Teriparatide (PTH 1-34)](https://pepbank.io/p/teriparatide): The active N-terminal fragment of parathyroid hormone, approved for osteoporosis in selected patients. (2,709 study results where the peptide was given, 1,328 papers, 168 registered trials) - [Tesamorelin](https://pepbank.io/p/tesamorelin): Approved growth hormone-releasing factor analogue for reducing excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. (288 study results where the peptide was given, 109 papers, 23 registered trials) - [Tesamorelin + ipamorelin](https://pepbank.io/p/tesamorelin-ipamorelin): A community blend of tesamorelin and ipamorelin. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 0 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Tesofensine](https://pepbank.io/p/tesofensine): Not a peptide. A small molecule that inhibits dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake. Its sponsor reports a completed phase 3 obesity program in Mexico. (90 study results where the compound was given, 57 papers, 14 registered trials) - [Testagen (KEDG)](https://pepbank.io/p/testagen): Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (1 study result where the peptide was given, 2 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Thymalin](https://pepbank.io/p/thymalin): Russian registered thymus-extract medicine with a mixture of peptide components. (242 study results where the peptide was given, 259 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Thymogen (oglufanide)](https://pepbank.io/p/thymogen): A synthetic L-Glu-L-Trp dipeptide used in Russian Timogen products. It is distinct from the thymalin mixture. (123 study results where the peptide was given, 162 papers, 3 registered trials) - [Thymosin alpha-1](https://pepbank.io/p/thymosin-alpha-1): 28-residue N-acetylated peptide from prothymosin alpha. As thymalfasin (Zadaxin) it is approved in some countries, not by FDA or EMA. (1,450 study results where the peptide was given, 1,137 papers, 56 registered trials) - [Thymosin beta-4 (human)](https://pepbank.io/p/thymosin-beta-4): Natural 43-residue actin-binding peptide (gene TMSB4X). Parent of TB-500. Developed as timbetasin; not approved. (1,449 study results where the peptide was given, 1,308 papers, 13 registered trials) - [Thymulin (serum thymic factor)](https://pepbank.io/p/thymulin): A natural nine-residue thymic peptide whose biological activity depends on zinc. It is distinct from thymalin and thymosin-alpha-1. (625 study results where the peptide was given, 593 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Tirzepatide](https://pepbank.io/p/tirzepatide): Lipidated peptide that activates GIP and GLP-1 receptors, given by weekly injection. Approved in the US and EU for type 2 diabetes and weight management. (2,165 study results where the peptide was given, 2,843 papers, 254 registered trials) - [Tripeptide-10 citrulline](https://pepbank.io/p/tripeptide-10-citrulline): A decorin-mimetic cosmetic ingredient used in products marketed for skin suppleness. (14 study results where the peptide was given, 2 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Triptorelin (Trelstar, Decapeptyl)](https://pepbank.io/p/triptorelin): A GnRH agonist used in approved medicines for hormone suppression, with indications that depend on product and country. (1,338 study results where the peptide was given, 902 papers, 207 registered trials) - [Trofinetide](https://pepbank.io/p/trofinetide): Trofinetide is an analog of the IGF-1 N-terminal tripeptide Gly-Pro-Glu. (204 study results where the peptide was given, 58 papers, 13 registered trials) - [Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, aviptadil)](https://pepbank.io/p/vip): Natural 28-residue neuropeptide. Aviptadil is the drug form. It is authorised only as part of a combination injection with phentolamine for erectile dysfunction in some European countries. No FDA app… (887 study results where the peptide was given, 4,585 papers, 15 registered trials) - [Vesugen (KED)](https://pepbank.io/p/vesugen): Synthetic Lys-Glu-Asp peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (23 study results where the peptide was given, 23 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Vilon (KE)](https://pepbank.io/p/vilon): Synthetic Lys-Glu peptide from the Khavinson bioregulator family. (70 study results where the peptide was given, 34 papers, 0 registered trials) - [Vosoritide](https://pepbank.io/p/vosoritide): Vosoritide is a 39-residue C-type natriuretic peptide analog. (306 study results where the peptide was given, 90 papers, 16 registered trials) - [Wolverine](https://pepbank.io/p/wolverine): A community blend of BPC-157 and TB-500. (0 study results where the peptide was given, 0 papers, 0 registered trials) ## Optional - [Explore all peptides](https://pepbank.io/peptides) - [Compare peptides](https://pepbank.io/compare) - [Pricing and limits](https://pepbank.io/pricing) Data license: CC BY 4.0. Abstract text and quotes keep the license of their source.